Glycolysis

Question 1

A series of reactions that converts glucose to
pyruvate with accompanying production of ATP
and NADH.

Answer 1

Glycolysis

Question 2

Glycolysis Location in the cell:

Answer 2

CYTOSOL

Question 3

Glycolysis Also called:

Answer 3

Glycolytic Pathway or Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway

Question 4

To ALLOW EXTRACTION OF ENERGY and CONSERVE IT IN
the FORM OF ATP. To GENERATE IMPORTANT BIOSYNTHETIC PRECURSORS

Answer 4

Glycolysis

Question 5

Two Phases of Glycolysis

Answer 5

Energy Investment Phase (Reactions 1 to 5)
Energy Pay-off Phase (Reactions 6 to 10)

Question 6

Glucose (6C) is cleaved to GIVE 2 MOLECULES of
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (3C each)

Answer 6

Energy Investment Phase (Reactions 1 to 5)

Question 7

How many ATP molecules uses in Energy Investment Phase (Reactions 1 to 5)?

Answer 7

2 ATP molecules

Question 8

2 glyceraldehye-3-phosphate molecules are
CONVERTED TO 2 PYRUVATE MOLECULES

Answer 8

Energy Pay-off Phase (Reactions 6 to 10)

Question 9

How many ATP and NADH generates in Energy Pay-off Phase (Reactions 6 to 10)?

Answer 9

4 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 10

Glycolysis yield:

Answer 10

2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 11

Formation of __ increases the concentration of negative (−) charges in the cytosol.

Answer 11

glucose-6-phosphate

Question 12

trapped inside the cell and is activated for breakdown

Answer 12

Glucose

Question 13

Glucose to Glucose-6-P can be catalyzed by the ff. enzymes depending on the

Answer 13

tissue location and condition

Question 14

controls blood glucose level; active at high [blood glucose]

Answer 14

Glucokinase (liver)

Question 15

can be subjected to allosteric inhibition by ATP

Answer 15

Hexokinase (muscle)

Question 16

NO allosteric inhibition by ATP

Answer 16

Hexokinase (brain)

Question 17

enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but differ in kinetic properties

Answer 17

Isozymes

Question 18

The COMMITTED STEP in glycolysis

Answer 18

Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1)

Question 19

Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1)

First _ reaction that is unique to glycolysis

Answer 19

irreversible

Question 20

Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1)

Second __ point in glycolysis

Answer 20

regulatory

Question 21

Sugar-splitting (“glyco-lysis”)

Answer 21

Aldolase

Question 22

End of energy investment phase

Answer 22

Triose Phosphate Isomerase

Question 23

In FIRST PHASE, how many ATP are consumed?

Answer 23

2 ATPs

Question 24

Glucose is cleaved to give two moles of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Answer 24

First Phase

Question 25

Uses an INORGANIC PHOSPHATE (PI) to produce 1,3-BPG • Note the coefficient (2) • TWO MOLES OF NADH IS PRODUCED in this step

Answer 25

Glyceraldehye-3-P dh

Question 26

Generation of 2 moles of ATP via SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

Answer 26

Phosphoglycerate kinase

Question 27

Shift of phosphate group from C-3 to C-2

Answer 27

Phosphoglyceromutase

Question 28

Removal of two moles of H2O and formation of a carbon-carbon double bond (DEHYDRATION)

Answer 28

Enolase

Question 29

Generation of another two moles of ATP via substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 29

Pyruvate kinase

Question 30

Third regulatory point in glycolysis

Answer 30

Pyruvate kinase

Question 31

2 moles of glyceraldyde-3-phosphate are CONVERTED to 2 MOLES OF PYRUVATE

Answer 31

Second Phase

Question 32

Summary of Second Phase Produced in this phase are:

Answer 32

• 4 moles of ATP • 2 moles of NADH • 2 moles of H2O

Question 33

Caused by deficiency in galactose-1-P uridyl transferase

Answer 33

Galactosemia

Question 34

Results to high concentrations of galactose in the blood

Answer 34

Galactosemia

Question 35

Accumulation of galactitol in the eyes causes

Answer 35

galactosemic cataract

Question 36

Why Regulate? • To ensure that the output of the metabolic pathways meet biological __

Answer 36

demands

Question 37

Why Regulate? • To ensure that energy in the form of ATP is ___ by having opposite pathways run concomitantly in the same cell

Answer 37

not wasted

Question 38

Regulation of Glycolysis • Regulatory points: (3)

Answer 38

• Phosphofructokinase-1 • Hexokinase • Pyruvate kinase

Question 39

Main regulatory point of glycolysis

Answer 39

Phosphofructokinase-1

Question 40

Phosphofructokinase-1 Inhibitors: (2)

Answer 40

ATP and citrate

Question 41

When energy charge is high - ATP allosterically inhibits __

Answer 41

PFK-1 (Phosphofructokinase-1)

Question 42

no glucose should enter __

Answer 42

glycolysis

Question 43

glucose is stored as

Answer 43

glycogen

Question 44

high [citrate] means that there are enough substrates (pyruvate and acetyl-CoA) __

Answer 44

present

Question 45

Phosphofructokinase-1 Activators: (2)

Answer 45

ADP/AMP and Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Question 46

high cellular concentrations of these metabolites signal a low energy state

Answer 46

ADP/AMP

Question 47

There is a need to metabolize glucose for energy

Answer 47

ADP/AMP

Question 48

• Reduces the inhibitory effect of ATP on PFK-1 and enhances binding of

Answer 48

FRUCTOSE-6-P to PFK-1

Question 49

Formed when [Fructose-6-P] is high

Answer 49

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Question 50

Glucose-6-P inhibits __ via FEEDBACK INHIBITION

Answer 50

hexokinase

Question 51

• If PFK-1 is inhibited, Fructose-6-P accumulates as well as Glucose-6-P • ∴ __ is subsequently inhibited

Answer 51

hexokinase

Question 52

Pyruvate Kinase Inhibitors via feedback inhibition: (3)

Answer 52

i• ATP • Alanine • Acetyl CoA

Question 53

Signals that building blocks are abundant

Answer 53

Pyruvate Kinase

Question 54

Inhibitor via covalent modification: low blood glucose level

Answer 54

Pyruvate Kinase

Question 55

Triggers a cascade of signals that lead to phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase, rendering it __

Answer 55

inactive

Question 56

Pyruvate Kinase Activator:

Answer 56

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Question 57

Alcoholic __ in yeast and other microorganisms

Answer 57

Fermentation

Question 58

Lactic acid fermentation in

Answer 58

vertebrates

Question 59

Lactate accumulation • During strenuous exercise, cells become depleted with O2 supply →

Answer 59

oxygen debt

Question 60

Aerobic respiration is slowed down and __ accumulates

Answer 60

pyruvate

Question 61

Pyruvate is instead converted to lactate which, upon accumulation, LOWERS INTRACELLULAR PH causing

Answer 61

painful muscle cramps

Question 62

Lactose Intolerance Deficiency in the enzyme

Answer 62

lactase

Question 63

good source of energy for microorganisms in the colon

Answer 63

Lactose