Carbohydrates: Structure and Properties

Question 1

Polyhydroxylated aldehydes and ketones and substances that yield such compounds upon hydolysis

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

_____ and _____ and substances that yield such compounds upon hydolysis

Answer 2

Polyhydroxylated aldehydes and ketones

Question 3

Functions of Carbohydrates

Answer 3

energy source
structural framework
cells walls
nucleic acids and lipids and proteins
cell-to-cell recognition

Question 4

Carbohydrates Major Classes
Single polyhydroxylated aldehyde or ketone unit

Answer 4

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Question 5

Carbohydrates Major Classes
Consist of two monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic bond

Answer 5

Disaccharides

Question 6

Carbohydrates Major Classes
Made up of 3-10 monosaccharide units

Answer 6

Oligosaccharide

Question 7

Carbohydrates Major Classes
Long chains of monosaccharide units

Answer 7

Polysaccharides

Question 8

Monosaccharides
General formula:
Simplest would be those with

Answer 8

(CH2O)n
n = 3

Question 9

Classifying monosaccharides based on

Answer 9

carbonyl group present and the number of carbon atoms

Question 10

Classifying monosaccharides based on carbonyl group present

Answer 10

Aldose
Ketose

Question 11

Classifying monosaccharides based on the number of carbon atoms

Answer 11

Triose
Tetrose
Pentose
Hexose
Heptose

Question 12

All monosaccharides (except dihyroxyacetone) are optically active

Answer 12

Stereochemistry

Question 13

All monosaccharides (except dihyroxyacetone) are

Answer 13

optically active

Question 14

All monosaccharides (except _____) are optically active

Answer 14

dihyroxyacetone

Question 15

No. of Stereoisomers = 2n
n = no. of

Answer 15

chiral centers

Question 16

No. of Stereoisomers = 2n
For _______, n=1 2¹ = 2 stereoisomers

Answer 16

Aldotriose

Question 17

No. of Stereoisomers = 2n
For _____, n= 2 2² = 4 stereoisomers

Answer 17

Aldotetrose

Question 18

No. of Stereoisomers = 2n
For ______, n=3 2³ = 8 stereoisomers

Answer 18

Aldopentose

Question 19

No. of Stereoisomers = 2n
For ________, n=4 2⁴ = 16 stereoiseomers

Answer 19

Aldohexose

Question 20

Sugars that differ in configuration in only one carbon other than the penultimate carnbon

Answer 20

Epimers

Question 21

-OH at anomeric C cis to -CH²OH

Answer 21

b - anomer

Question 22

-OH at anomeric C trans to -CH²OH

Answer 22

a - anomer

Question 23

Stereoisomers that differ in configuration at the anomeric carbon

Answer 23

Anomers

Question 24

Conversion of anomers

Answer 24

Mutarotation

Question 25

Anomers All three structures are in _______ in aqueous soln's

Answer 25

equilibrium

Question 26

Sugars that are able to undergo oxidation coupled with a reduction of another substance

Answer 26

Reducing Sugars

Question 27

Reducing Sugars Sugars that are able to undergo _____ coupled with a _____ of another substance

Answer 27

oxidation reduction

Question 28

The anomeric carbon can react with an -OH of an alcohol to give a acetal called

Answer 28

glycoside

Question 29

If the -OH is part of another monosaccharide, then the resulting glycoside is

Answer 29

disaccharide

Question 30

Disaccharides milk sugar reducing b-1, 4

Answer 30

Lactose

Question 31

Disaccharides sugar used in brewing beer a-1, 4 reducing

Answer 31

Maltose

Question 32

Disaccharides common table sugar a-1, b-2 non-reducing

Answer 32

Sucrose

Question 33

Consider the open chain structure of

Answer 33

D-idose

Question 34

Using Haworth structure, draw the b- and a- anomer of

Answer 34

D-idose

Question 35

Draw a disaccharide made up of two a-anomers of D-idose linked through

Answer 35

a- 1, 6 glycosidic bond

Question 36

Consist of ten to thousands of monosaccharide units

Answer 36

Polysaccharides

Question 37

Polysaccharides only one type of monosaccharide as repeating unit

Answer 37

homopolymes

Question 38

Polysaccharides more than one type of monosaccharide linked together

Answer 38

heteropolymers

Question 39

Polysaccharides major component of plant cell

Answer 39

Cellulose

Question 40

Polysaccharides major storage form of carbohydrates in plants

Answer 40

Starch

Question 41

Polysaccharides major storage form of carbohydrates in animals and fungi

Answer 41

Glycogen

Question 42

Polysaccharides Very similar with amylopectin in structure but with a higher degree of branching

Answer 42

Glycogen

Question 43

N-containing polysaccharides which is the major component of exoskeletons of crustaceans (shrimp, crab, lobster etc)

Answer 43

Chitin

Question 44

Polysaccharides Major component of neural, connective and epithelial tissues that functions as shock absorber

Answer 44

Hyaluronic Acid

Question 45

Formation of hemiacetals/hemiketals

Answer 45

Cyclic Structures