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Motor Development > Gross Motor 1yr+ > Flashcards

Gross Motor 1yr+ Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Gait cycle characteristics (walking)

A

50% phasing btwn legs - each leg spends equal time in swing/stance.
DL support & SL support.
Consistent across lifespan.

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2
Q

Independent walking/standing is achieved by…

A

9-18mo

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3
Q

Mature walking pattern is achieved by…

A

3.5 to 4 yrs

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4
Q

Characteristics of early walking

A 
Short steps - very little leg/hip ext.
Flat feet, toes out.
Wide BOS.
No trunk rotation.
Arms in high guard (eventually progresses to mid guard, then low guard).
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5
Q

Rate controllers in early walking (what prerequisites are required for walking)

A 
Adequate motor control & system maturation.
Adequate ROM.
Adequate strength.
Appropriate bone structure & body comp.
Intact sensory systems.
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6
Q

Walking: pelvic rotation

A

13mo

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7
Q

Walking: narrower BOS

A

17mo

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8
Q

Walking: synchronous arm swing

A

18mo

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9
Q

Walking: heel to forefoot strike

A

18mo

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10
Q

Walking: backward walking

A

18mo

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11
Q

Walking: SL support time increases

A

1 to 2.5yr

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12
Q

Walking: velocity increases

A

1 to 3.5 yr

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13
Q

Walking: advanced walking achieved

A

3-4yr

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14
Q

Walking: rhythm & coordination improve until

A

5yr

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15
Q

Characteristics of proficient walking

A 
Increased stride length.
Heel to forefoot.
Narrower BOS, less toe-out.
Pelvic rotation.
Improved balance, less fwd trunk lean.
Oppositional arm swing w/ leg movements.
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16
Q

Gait cycle characteristics (running)

A

Still 50% phasing btwn legs.

Flight period where both feet off the ground.

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17
Q

Characteristics of early running

A

Starts 6-7mo after child begins to walk.
May involve characteristics of early walking.
Limited leg ROM during flight phase = short strides.
Arm swing to accompany trunk rotation.

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18
Q

Rate controllers in early running

A

Task constraint - do they need to have the change in speed btwn walking & running?
Individual constraint - strength, balance.

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19
Q

Development of running

A

Improved coordination & strength.
Growth.
Changes continue thru childhood & adolescence.
Many adults exhibit inefficient running patterns.

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20
Q

Running: speed increases

A

29-30mo
and
37-38mo

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21
Q

Running: balance/coordination improve

A

45-46mo

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22
Q

Characteristics of proficient running

A 
Stride length increases as greater force is used.
Elimination of lateral leg motion.
Heel strike or flat foot strike during extended running.
Narrower BOS, no toe-out.
Knee flex on supporting leg.
Trunk rotation increases.
Slight fwd trunk lean.
Oppositional arm swing.
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23
Q

Stairs: walking up with support from railing

A

15-16mo

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24
Q

Stairs: walking down with support from railing

A

17-18mo

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25
Stairs: walking up with no support
23-24mo
26
Stairs: walking down with no support
25-26mo
27
Stairs: walking up with one foot on each step, using railing for support
27-28mo
28
Stairs: walking up with one foot on each step, no support
35-36mo
29
Stairs: walking down with one foot on each step, no support
43-44mo
30
Which develops first: up stairs or down stairs?
Up
31
Which develops first: step-to pattern or reciprocal steps (on stairs)
step-to
32
Jumping
off the ground with 1 or 2 feet | land on both feet
33
Hopping
off the ground with 1 foot | land on same foot
34
Leaping
off the ground with 1 foot | land on opposite foot
35
Jumping forward 24 inches achieved by
31-32mo
36
Jumping over 2in object achieved by
33-34mo
37
Hopping & turning jumps achieved by
53-54mo
38
Basic jumping achieved by
before 2yr
39
Initial jumps are ____
vertical
40
Jumping characteristics
Slight crouch | Legs not fully extended at lift off
41
Beginning jumpers do NOT use ____
2 footed takeoff/landing
42
By school age, most forms of jumps can be performed. What are they?
``` Jumping forward Jumping up/down Jumping over hurdles Turning jumps Sideways jumps ```
43
Hopping under age 3
Most cannot hop repeatedly
44
Proficient hopping emerges when?
Preschool
45
Gallop
moving forward with a step while leading with the same leg
46
Skip
moving forward with a step and a hop on the same foot, alternating feet
47
Early gallop/skip
``` Arrhythmic Stiff Short strides Little trunk rotation Flat foot landing ```
48
Proficient gallop/skip
``` Rhythmic Opposition of arms & legs Heel to forefoot landing Knee give Trunk rotation ```
49
Galloping develops AFTER _____ and BEFORE ____
``` After running (2yr) Before hopping (3-4yr) ```
50
Skipping develops at what age
4-7yr
51
First asymmetrical locomotor pattern
Gallop
52
Last locomotor pattern
Skip
53
Gallop: ____ is mastered first
dominant leg
54
Skipping may be ____ at first
asymmetrical (due to leg dominance)
55
Rate controllers for galloping
Requires variance from 50% phasing | Requires LE to do different tasks w/ different forces
56
Rate controllers for skipping
Most complex fundamental locomotor pattern | Neuromuscular system has to coordinate 2 legs as they alternately perform asymmetrical tasks
57
Early ball throwing
Limited to arm action alone (elbow ext). No step into throw. Limited trunk rotation. Excess trunk flexion.
58
Progression of throwing skills
Fling (13mo) Overhand (19-20mo) Underhand (23-24mo) Hitting a target (43-44mo)
59
Early ball kicking
Perception & eye-foot coordination to make contact with ball. Completed in a single action. No step forward with non-kicking leg. Arms stationary. No trunk rotation. Kicking leg pushes forward at ball (may be bent at contact & immediately retract).
60
Progression of kicking
Contact w/ stationary ball (15-16mo) Kicking stationary ball forward (29-30mo) Kicking stationary ball in air (68-72mo)
61
CDC recommends that _____ should be the majority of a child's ____ minutes of physical activity per day
Aerobic | 60min
62
CDC recs that muscle strengthening activities should be completed _____ per week
3 days
63
CDC recs that bone strengthening activities should be completed _____ per week
3 days
64
Examples of muscle strengthening activities
gymnastics | push ups
65
Examples of bone strengthening activities
Jump rope | running

Motor Development (16 decks)

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