Posture 0-12mo

Question 1

What forces contribute to final bone shaping?

Answer 1

Longitudinal (compression/tension)

Shear (torsion/twisting)

Question 2

Acetabulum is ___ at birth, which increases the risk of ___

Answer 2

shallow

hip dislocations

Question 3

What helps keep the femoral head in the acetabulum at birth?

Answer 3

physiologic hip flexion

Question 4

Antetorsion

Answer 4

head and neck of the femur are rotated fwd in the transverse plane relative to fem condyles.
More common type of torsional deformity.

Question 5

Antetorsion is associated with

Answer 5

in-toeing

w-sitting

Question 6

Retrotorsion

Answer 6

head and neck of the femur are rotated posteriorly in the transverse plane relative to fem condyles.

Question 7

Torsion at birth vs adult

Answer 7

Birth = 30-40deg ante
Adult = 12deg ante

Question 8

Version

Answer 8

position of the femoral head in the acetabulum (how far off frontal plane)

Question 9

How is femoral version tested?

Answer 9

Hip rotation ROM

Not accurate for below 3yo bc they have tighter ABD & ER muscles.

Question 10

What indicates femoral anteversion?

Answer 10

IR is significantly&raquo_space; than ER

If difference is >45deg = abnormally high anteversion.

Question 11

What indicates femoral retroversion?

Answer 11

ER is signifiantly&raquo_space; than IR

If difference is >50deg = abnormally low anteversion.

Question 12

Characteristics of persistent antetorsion/anteversion

Answer 12

W sitting
Running w/ legs swinging out
Often trip/fall
In-toe (pigeon-toe) walking - tibial torsion

Question 13

Knee - newborn

Answer 13

moderate varum

Question 14

Knee - 6 months

Answer 14

mild varum (due to active movement & gravity)

Question 15

Knee - 1yr to 18mo

Answer 15

straight (due to WB)

Question 16

Knee - 2.5yo

Answer 16

slight valgus

Question 17

Knee - adulthood

Answer 17

Females = slight valgum
Males = slight varum

Question 18

Postural control is achieved by the cooperation of…

Answer 18

sensory system
MSK system
motor control system

Question 19

An infant begins to use vision to drive muscle activation of the neck in supported sitting at age ____

Answer 19

4-6 days

Question 20

At age ____, develops the ability to resolve sensory conflict to maintain balance

Answer 20

2-10yr

Question 21

At age ___, start to use somatosensory info to balance head & trunk

Answer 21

6mo

Question 22

At age ____, start using somatosensory info to resolve sensory conflict in standing

Answer 22

4-6yr

Question 23

Reactive Postural Adjustments (RPAs)

Answer 23

closed-loop system

body receives input & responds accordingly

Question 24

RPA example

Answer 24

flexing neck & hip flexors to prevent from falling backwards

Question 25

Anticipatory Postural Adjustments (APAs)

Answer 25

open-loop system minimize potential postural disturbances with movement initiation. assist in achieving desired movment.

Question 26

RPA at age 5-6mo

Answer 26

activate agonist muscles in the direction opposite that they are falling

Question 27

RPA at age 10-12mo

Answer 27

activate muscles in a similar pattern as adults in standing

Question 28

APA at age 6-8mo

Answer 28

activation of trunk muscles before activation of arms

Question 29

APA at age 3-5yr

Answer 29

similar to adult-like activity in standing

Question 30

Righting rxn

Answer 30

moving head to keep eyes on the horizon | maintaining/restoring alignment of body segments in relation to each other

Question 31

Equilibrium rxn

Answer 31

occurs when COM shifts out of BOS can occur as an RPA - as a response to external stim such as losing balance. can occur as an APA - preparing movement, such as going into SL stance. ex) torso elongates on WB side & lat flex on NWB side during SL stance.

Question 32

Head righting 0-4mo

Answer 32

when head turns to one side, body log rolls

Question 33

Head righting 4mo & on

Answer 33

when head turns to one side: roll becomes more segmental, rolling starts with the shoulders & ends with the pelvis

Question 34

Body righting 4mo - 5yr

Answer 34

stimulus: one leg lifted & pelvis rotates. response: roll supine to prone with pelvic rotation, then shoulder, then head

Question 35

Labyrinth righting (any age)

Answer 35

hold infant vertically, tilt to one side. | infant will tilt head to keep eyes level w/ horizon

Question 36

Landau righting (what is it & what age)

Answer 36

infant held in prone (suspended off floor) activates trunk/cervical ext to keep eyes on horizon begins at age 3-4mo & lasts until 1-2yr

Question 37

how are equilibrium rxns different from righting rxns?

Answer 37

Equilibrium = total body response, more sophisticated than righting.

Question 38

lateral sitting equilibrium rxn

Answer 38

shift wt to one side in sitting head & trunk lat flex arm/leg ABD opposite the side of wt shift head & trunk rotate toward abducted extremities

Question 39

Cephalocaudal development: 1st quarter

Answer 39

develop control of head in all positions in space

Question 40

Cephalocaudal development: 2nd quarter

Answer 40

advanced control of arms & upper trunk

Question 41

Cephalocaudal development: 3rd quarter

Answer 41

master control of lower trunk | pelvis in upright position

Question 42

Cephalocaudal development: 4th quarter

Answer 42

develop mobility/control of lower legs in upright stance. | improvements in overall postural ctrl

Question 43

Hierarchial model

Answer 43

postural reflexes & automatic rxns are inhibited to allow activation of voluntary systems (only focuses on CNS maturation)

Question 44

Dynamic systems model

Answer 44

rate-lim factors either facilitate or constrain the emergence of motor skills

Question 45

Order of development of planes of motion

Answer 45

Sagittal (flex/ext) first Frontal (lat flex) second Transverse (rotation) last

Question 46

General Spontaneous Movements

Answer 46

endogenously generated by central pattern generators (CPGs from lecture 1). assessing spontaneous activity can help identify brain dysfunction & neuro impairments (greater sensitivity than ultrasound)

Question 47

3-4mo normal movement quality

Answer 47

fidgety movements - continuous stream of tiny, elegant movements occuring irregularly all over the body.

Question 48

3-4mo abnormal movement quality

Answer 48

absence of fidgety movements. | movements lack fluency, complexity, & variation.