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Motor Development > Infant Conditions > Flashcards

Infant Conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

Malformation occurs in ____ tissue.

Deformation occurs in ____ tissue.

A 
Malformation = embryologic.
Deformation = normal.
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2
Q

Malformation occurs during ____ (time period).

Deformation occurs during _____.

A 
Mal = first 8 wks of gestation
De = after 8 wks of gestation
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3
Q

Cause of malformation

A

teratologic or genetic

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4
Q

Cause of deformation

A

mechanical

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5
Q

Anencephaly

A

lack of brain formation

failure of anterior neural tube closure

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6
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

failure of posterior neural tube closure

AKA spina bifida

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7
Q

causes of myelomeningocele

A

low folic acid in pregnancy

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8
Q

myelomeningocele clinical implications

A

motor/sensory loss (varies depending on degree of severity & level of spinal cord affected).
Positioning, medical equipment & orthotic management, gait or w/c mobility

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9
Q

hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)

A

lack of oxygen at birth

can affect any part of brain

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10
Q

HIE clinical implications & PT Tx

A

cooling protocol
can lead to CP
varies depending on what part of brain affected.
PT: quality of movement, vary movements with developmental positions, parent education.

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11
Q

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)

A

abnormal growth/development of hip joint

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12
Q

causes of DDH

A

mechanical factors in utero
hormone-induced lig laxity
genetics
cultural/environmental factors

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13
Q

risk factors for DDH

A

breech
small intrauterine space
first born girl

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14
Q

DDH PT Tx

A

0-9mo: Pavlik harness (worn 24/7).
>9mo: traction & Pavlik harness (if ambulatory, may use ABD orthosis instead of Pavlik)
Surgical tx may be necessary > 9mo.

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15
Q

Pavlik harness maintains what joint positions?

A

90-100deg flex, ABD, ER

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16
Q

Metatarsus Adductus

A

Forefoot bent inward (ADD)

Hindfoot & ankle normal (neutral)

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17
Q

Metatarsus Adductus risk factors

A

breech
DDH
in-toe walking

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18
Q

Metatarsus Adductus PT Tx

A 
Tx depends on rigidity vs. flexibility.
Can resolve spontaneously.
Improves w stretching.
Reverse-Last shoes, cast.
Surgery if persists thru 4-6yo
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19
Q

Talipes Calcaneovalgus

A

Excess Dflex & eversion
Dorsum of foot in contact w/ Tib Ant
Resistance into Pflex & inversion

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20
Q

Talipes Calcaneovalgus risk factors

A

breech
DDH
Tibial ER

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21
Q

Talipes Calcaneovalgus PT Tx

A 
Tx depends on rigidity vs. flexibility.
Can resolve spontaneously.
Improves w stretching.
Splinting
Firm, high-top shoes.
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22
Q

Torticollis

A

Unilateral shortening of SCM.
Ipsilateral lat flex.
Contralateral rotation.

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23
Q

Infants w/ torticollis are at a higher risk for

A

facial asymm
plagiocephaly
developmental delay
vision problems

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24
Q

Torticollis PT Tx

A 
Prolonged passive stretch of SCM.
Positioning to promote symm.
Cervical strengthening & AROM.
Symm developmental activities to correct head position.
Environmental adaptations.
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25
Cranial molding deformities: Plagiocephaly
asymm flattening
26
Cranial molding deformities: Plagiocephaly is associated with
``` Back to Sleep campaign In-utero position Torticollis Prolonged hospitalization Asymm facial features ```
27
Cranial molding deformities: Brachycephaly
symm flattening
28
Cranial molding deformities: Brachycephaly is associated with
Back to Sleep campaign Hypotonia Prolonged hospittalization
29
Osteogenesis imperfecta
disorder of connective tissue severity varies person to person lax joints, weak muscles, diffuse osteoporosis
30
Osteogenesis imperfecta PT Tx
``` Pt education Environmental adaptation Developmental Post-trauma recovery DME ```
31
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita
nonprogressive neuromuscular syndrome | 2+ joint contractures at birth
32
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita clinical considerations
severe jt contractures muscle weakness & fibrosis inhibited movement in utero
33
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita PT Tx
improve alignment (DME or splint) Strengtthen & stretch Compensatory strategies
34
Congenital Limb Deficiencies: Longitudinal Limb Deficiency
reduction or absence of 1 or more elements w/in the long axis of limb. malformation. may have typical distal skeletal elements.
35
Congenital Limb Deficiencies: Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency
absense or hypoplasia of prox femur. | Varies in degree of involvement of other structures (acetabulum, femoral head, patella, tib, fib, cruciate ligs, foot).
36
Club Foot (AKA Talipes Equinovarus)
Forefoot ADD Calcaneal Varus Supination
37
Club Foot (AKA Talipes Equinovarus) PT Tx
``` Taping Casting Stretching Reverse-Last shoes Dennis-Brown bar Surgery ```
38
Teratogens
environmental agents causing harm to embryo/fetus
39
Critical Periods: CNS
throughout embryonic & fetal periods | MOST critical time = 2-8wks
40
Critical Periods: Heart Defects
3-7wks
41
Critical Periods: Skeletal System
4-6wks
42
Teratogens: severity of symptoms depends on...
amount of exposure timing of exposure genetic makeup of indiividual
43
Maternal exposures influencing development: Maternal diseases/conditions
infections diabetes malnutrition
44
Maternal exposures influencing development: Environmental factors
radiation pesticides herbicides
45
Maternal exposures influencing development: Prescription Drugs
``` opioids narcotics seizure meds psych disorder meds blood thinners antibiotics thyroid meds ```
46
Maternal exposures influencing development: Non-Prescription Drugs
pain killers | cold meds
47
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome characteristics
growth deficiency CNS dysfunctiion craniofacial anomalies
48
Effects of cocaine/tobacco exposure
``` vasoconstriction BP fluctuations O2 deprivation CNS damage increased risk of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) increased risk of mortality ```
49
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is caused by
maternal substance abuse
50
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) presentation
may appear immediately or days after birth excessive crying, diarrhea, sucking, sweating. increased muscle tone
51
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) PT considerations
hypERtonica tremor severe state regulatiion issues
52
Cystic Fibrosis (genetic malformation)
impaired CaCl channel & thicker secretions ("salty kiss") | affects pulmonary, digestive, & reproductive
53
Cystic Fibrosis (genetic malformation) PT Tx
``` airway clearance techniques posture - esp chin/shoulder retraction mobility, stretching, strengthening. aerobic training, energy conservation. effecient breathing training ```
54
Sickle-Cell Disease PT Tx & considerations
pain management avoid exercise in extreme hot or cold Sickle Cell Crisis: "painful event"
55
Down Syndrome
duplication of chromosome 21
56
Down Syndrome PT considerations
delayed gross, fine, speech hypotonia joint laxity atlantoaxial instability
57
Prader-Willi Syndrome (genetic malformation) - what is it & clinical presentation
``` chromosome microdeletion severe hypOtonia severe feeding problems in infancy excessive eating & obesity in childhood poor fine/gross motor coordination ```
58
Prader-Willi Syndrome: average age of sitting
12mo
59
Prader-Willi Syndrome: average age of walking
24mo
60
Angelman Syndrome (genetic malformation) - what is it & clinical presentation
``` deletion of chromosome 25 hypotonia feeding problems developmental delays tremulous movements, hand flapping. distinctive gait pattern. ataxia ```
61
Abdominal anomoly: Omphalocele
intestine & other ab organs herniate thru opening WITHIN the sac
62
Abdominal anomoly: Gastroschisis
intestine & other ab organs herniate thru opening OUTSIDE the sac
63
Abdominal anomolies: PT considerations
poor ab strength prolonged supine position decreased head ctrl due to limited play in prone/sitting

Motor Development (16 decks)

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