gross motor skills 0 - 12 months pt 2.

Question 1

Sitting

Answer 1

ability to sit with appropriate spinal curves, erect posture, adequate BOS and effective postural adjustments to maintain position with movement

• underlying contributions = vestib., visual, prop. and auditory stimuli
• need adequate motor planning, muscle strength and edurance and protective reactions

Question 2

sitting performance

Answer 2

pre-emergence = supported sitting 'C" curve of spine
Emerges = typically from 4 months. Able to maintain ring sitting 6 - 9 months.
progression = attains sit by 10 - 12 months. Able to adopt side sit by 12 months

Question 3

Atypical sitting responses

Answer 3

Sit with c curve spine
- asymmetircal tone (hypotonia/hyper.)
- neck or trunk hyperextended
- unable to sit alone unsupported
- large BOS
'W" sitting and propping required inhibiting interaction with environment

Question 4

Creeping

Answer 4

in prone, reciprocally alternate arm and opposite leg flexion and extension in order to move fwd on floor. Need diagonal weight shift to opposite pelvis.

Need visual, prop. and auditory stimuli

Question 5

creeping performance

Answer 5

pre-emergence = prone-lying, unable to propel fwd.
emerges = typically 6-8 months
progession = to crawling by approximately 9 months

Question 6

Atypical response of creeping

Answer 6

abnormal tone = a chold has increased or dec. tone in the upper and/or lower limbs hence unable to dissociate limbs/creep

Question 7

Crawling

Answer 7

• ability to WB on hands and knees and use reciprical pattern across floors and stairs.

Requires visula, prop. and auditory stimuli
adequate MP, MS and endurance to propel

Question 8

crawling performance

Answer 8

pre-emergence = approx. 8 months start with 4 point weight shifting
emerges = by 10 - 12 months most infants demonstrate reciprical ceawl
progression - crawling up and down stairs by 18months

Question 9

atypical crawling

Answer 9

bunny hop or bottom shuffle - no weight shift or reciprical pattern, irregular rhythm, influence of immature patterns, poor shoulder girlde or pelvic stability.

Question 10

Pull to stand

Answer 10

ability to position legs and WS from sitting through half kneel position into standing. Uses UL to offer support

requires visual, prop., tactile and vestibular input

Question 11

pull to stand performance

Answer 11

pre-emergence = <8 months child is still developing protective reactions and control
emerges = typically 10 - 12 months, using support to pull up
progression = tpically 18months child uses squat to stand

Question 12

Atypical squat response

Answer 12

at correct age and can’t pull up, consider whether child

• lacks awareness of leg position,
• or upper limb strenght/power - has difficulity with WS to achieve standing,
• fear/tentativeness with mvmt

Question 13

Kneeling

Answer 13

ability to adopt and maintain low kneel, high kneel and half kneel positions without hand support and with good postural control

factors = muscle strength and endurance of glutes, quads and plantar flexors to attain and maintain kneeling. Trunk and lateral hip muscles critical.
Vis. prop and vestivular imput for balance
+ adequate motor planning

Question 14

kneeling progression

Answer 14

pre-emergence < 18months child adopts a high kneel position with support (holding or leaning)

high kneel: 18 months = child obtains high kneel without supprt

progression: by 2 years can progress from kneel > half kneel> stand without assist and maintain throughout life

Question 15

atypical kneeling response

Answer 15

hips remain flexed, unable to maintain high kneel (momentarily adopts due to weak muscles o poor endurance

• poor distribution of weight (asymetrical)
• poor postural control (especially in half kneel)
• unable to maintain unsupported (>18motnhs)

Question 16

cruising

Answer 16

WT and correct posture and orientation of trunk and limbs with change of position whilst moving sideway. Position UL without cueing and demonstrate good WT through LL

need visual, prop. tactile and vestib
- motor planning, muscle strength and endurance

Question 17

cruising performance

Answer 17

pre-emergence = supported standing <10 months, can't WT
emerges = 10 - 12 months, crusiing in both directions with good postural control and orientation
progression = cruising freely around furniture and across gap.

Question 18

cruising atypical response

Answer 18

consider if

• unable to perform in both directions
• unable to posturally correct trunk and limbs
• poorly oriented steeps
• LL remain in bilateral ext.
• asymmetrical WB

Question 19

Stand alone

Answer 19

ability to stand with equal WB, appropriate BOS, postural control and static or dynamic balance

visual, prop, tactile and vestib. MP, strength and endurance

Question 20

stand alone performance

Answer 20

pre-ermergence = supported < 12 months
emerges = typically 12 mths child shoul be able to stand aline for 5 secs
progression = to scoop to pick up to 18mths and kick ball at 2yo whilst maintaing balance

Question 21

stand alone abnormal

Answer 21

No WB through LL

• increased lone
• poorly orientared posture
• lack static and dynamic balance to maintain position with and without mvmt