ms 4

Question 1

LL placing

Answer 1

prevents tripping)= 1.retract (DF (toes ext), KNEE and HIP flx) 2. Extend (towards support surface) 3. Positive support. Seen 1 – 4 m and stereotyped (abnormal if continues stereotyped) > by 8 months, varied response and can be supressed

Question 2

UL placing

Answer 2

= protective mechanism when falling
1. Withdrawal ( shoulder + elbow flex, finger + wrist EXT)> Extension > Positive support
Time same as above

Question 3

LL SUPPORTIN RXT:

Answer 3

LL = STEREOTYPED extensor tonus (HIP + KNEE EXT) OTO PUSH UP IN ERECT STANDING.
PRESENT AT 1M …. BREAK 2-6M > 6m= child bounces up and down on toes (associated E thrust). Bilateral +ve (both legs E) or ‐ve support (both legs F);
10-12m: positive support in one leg and negative support in contralateral leg. Allows for weight shifting .
• In older child (4‐7y) inability to stand on one leg (kick a ball, manage alternate stairs efficiently) may be due to persistence of bilateral positive/negative phase of this response.

Question 4

UL SUPPORTIN RXT:

Answer 4

WB THROUGH PALMS OF HAND > Weight taken through the base of the hands and elbow extension occurs.
0-2 = 0-2m the fingers flex as weight is taken through the hands, 2-8M = INCREASE PALMAR SURFACE CONTACT WITH SURFACE
^ same as above = 6months bilateral +ve and neg > 10-12months have one tve one –ve for crawling and weight shifting

Question 5

protective

Answer 5

protective = Elbow extension, shoulder abduction, ER and extension, and wrist/finger extension performed in response to perturbation

Question 6

parachute

Answer 6

:LL – with downward direction= Lower leg extension of the hips and knees, mild hip abduction and foot dorsiflexion. At 6 – 12 mnths
Abnormal = Exaggerated response ‐ marked adduction of hips with extension or flexion abduction of legs is not within expected range of normal. Flexion of arms, or absence of response after 8m may indicate a problem.

Question 7

Equil

Answer 7

Equil = ability to move body against disturbing force
Trunk + limb mvmt = counter balance disturbance and maintain balance
Hip, knee ankle in standing
6-8m, in prone, child performs LF of the trunk against direction of tilt and abduction and extension of the limbs to counter tip.
8-10m, in supine, child performs LF of the trunk against direction of tilt and abduction and extension of the limbs to counter tip.

Question 8

Equil 10+

Answer 8

> 10m, in sitting, child performs LF, F and E of the trunk opposite to tilt and uses arms to counter balance. This is remains throughout life
- eg if tip to left >diagonal trunk flexion to the right
18m, in standing, child performs postural corrections at the ankles, knees and hips. Also uses trunk and arms to maintain position.