Group dynamics and intergroup behaviour Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Define
Negotiation
A
A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree
2
Q
Define
Group Cohesiveness
A
Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between them
3
Q
Define
Transactive Memory
A
The combined memory of a group that is more efficient than the memory of the individual members
4
Q
Define
Tit-for-Tat Strategy
A
A means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial
5
Q
Define
Transformational Leaders
A
Leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals
6
Q
Define
Transactional Leaders
A
Leaders who set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them
7
Q
Define
Task-Oriented Leaders
A
Leaders who are concerned more with getting the job done than with workers’ feelings and relationships
8
Q
Define
Social Loafing
A
When people are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, the tendency to perform worse on simple or unimportant tasks but better on complex or important tasks
9
Q
Define
Social Facilitation
A
When people are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaulated, the tendency to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks
10
Q
Define
Social Dilemma
A
A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone
11
Q
Define
Relationship-Oriented Leaders
A
Leaders who are concerned more with workers’ feelings and relationships
12
Q
Define
Process Loss
A
Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving
13
Q
Define
Integrative Solution
A
A solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues, with each side conceding the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side
14
Q
Define
Groupthink
A
A kind of decision process in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner
15
Q
Define
Great Person Theory
A
The idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation
16
Q
Define
Group
A
Two or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to infleunce each other
17
Q
Define
Group Polarisation
A
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the intial inclinations of their members
18
Q
Define
Deindividuation
A
The loosening of normal constraints on behaviour when people can’t be identified (such as when they are in a crowd)
19
Q
Define
Contingency Theory of Leadership
A
The idea that the effectiveness of a leader depends both on how task oriented or relationship oriented the leader is and on the amount of control the leader has over the group
20
Q
Definition
A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree
A
Negotiation
21
Q
Definition
Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between them
A
Group Cohesiveness
22
Q
Definition
The combined memory of a group that is more efficient than the memory of the individual members
A
Transactive Memory
23
Q
Definition
A means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial
A
Tit-for-Tat Strategy
24
Q
Definition
Leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals
A
Transformational Leaders
25
# Definition
Leaders who set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them
Transactional Leaders
26
# Definition
Leaders who are concerned more with getting the job done than with workers' feelings and relationships
Task-Oriented Leaders
27
# Definition
When people are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, the tendency to perform worse on simple or unimportant tasks but better on complex or important tasks
Social Loafing
28
# Definition
When people are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaulated, the tendency to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks
Social Facilitation
29
# Definition
A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone
Social Dilemma
30
# Definition
Leaders who are concerned more with workers' feelings and relationships
Relationship-Oriented Leaders
31
# Definition
Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving
Process Loss
32
# Definition
A solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues, with each side conceding the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side
Integrative Solution
33
# Definition
A kind of decision process in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner
Groupthink
34
# Definition
The idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation
Great Person Theory
35
# Definition
Two or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to infleunce each other
Group
36
# Definition
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the intial inclinations of their members
Group Polarisation
37
# Definition
The loosening of normal constraints on behaviour when people can't be identified (such as when they are in a crowd)
Deindividuation
38
# Definition
The idea that the effectiveness of a leader depends both on how task oriented or relationship oriented the leader is and on the amount of control the leader has over the group
Contingency Theory of Leadership
39
What are the benefits of belonging to a group?
* Important source of information:
* Help us resolve ambiguity in the social world
* Important aspect of identity:
* Help us define who we are
* Help us feel distinct from other groups
* Establishment of social norms
40
What are the potential costs to an individual that belongs to a group?
If enmeshed in a role, individual identities and personalities can get lost.
41
The more cohesive a group is, the more its members are likely to do what?
Stay in the group
Take part in group activities
Try to recruit new like-minded members
42
Based on diversity, what type of group is more cohesive and what type performs better?
Homogenous groups are more cohesive
Diverse groups perform better
43
Why are groups often made up of similar members?
Attracted to and likely to recruit similar others
Groups operate in ways that encourage similarity in the members
44
What are the three theories that explain the arousal and social facilitation?
1. Other people cause us to become particularly alert and vigilant.
2. They make us apprehensive about how we’re being evaluated.
3. They distract us from the task at hand.
45
How does social loafing effect performance on simple and complex tasks?
Simple: Impaired
Complex: Enhanced
46
How does social facilitation effect performance on simple and complex tasks?
Simple: Enhanced
Complex: Impaired
47
What happens when an individual is completing a task in a group and their efforts can be evaluated?
Social facilitation
48
What happens when an individual is completing a task in a group and their efforts can not be evaluated?
Social loafing
49
Is social loafing more common among men or women? Why?
Men. Women tend to be higher in relational interdependence
50
What type of culture is social loafing more common in? Why?
Western cultures
Asian cultures: Interdependent self = Reduces social loafing tendencies
51
Why does deindividuation lead to impulsive and sometime violent acts?
Makes people feel less accountable
Increases obedience to group norms
52
What are the antecedents of groupthink?
1. The group is highly cohesive
2. Group isolation
3. A directive leader
4. High stress
5. Poor decision-making procedures
53
What are the symptoms of groupthink?
* Illusion of invulnerability
* Belief in the moral correctness of the group
* Stereotyped views of out-group
* Self-censorship
* Direct pressure on dissenters to conform
* Illusions of unanimity
* Mindguards
54
How can a wise leader avoid groupthink?
Remain impartial
Seek outside opinions
Create subgroups
Seek anonymous opinions
55
Which traits are seen often in leaders?
Intelligent
Extraverted
Confident
Charismatic
56
According to the Great Person theory, what are the two types of leaders?
Transactional
Transformational
57
According to the Contigency theory of leadership, what are the two types of leaders?
Task-oriented
Relationship-oriented
58
Which situations are best for task- and relationship-oriented leaders?
Task-oriented: Low and high situational control
Relationship-oriented: moderate situational control
59
What is the glass cliff?
The leadership issue that women face when brought in to manage a crisis that puts them in a precarious position where its difficult to succeed
60
1) The term 'entitativity' refers to
A) the effect of the presence of others on group members
B) the relationship between distinct groups
C) a measure of the extent to which a group appears as coherent or distinct
D) a group dimension
1) The term 'entitativity' refers to
A) the effect of the presence of others on group members
B) the relationship between distinct groups
**C) a measure of the extent to which a group appears as coherent or distinct**
D) a group dimension
61
2) The ________ view claims that people in groups are influenced by unique social processes. In contrast, the ________ view maintains that people in groups act similarly as when they are in pairs, or even alone.
A) category; exemplar
B) collectivist; individualist
C) social; individualist
D) social; clinical
2) The ________ view claims that people in groups are influenced by unique social processes. In contrast, the ________ view maintains that people in groups act similarly as when they are in pairs, or even alone.
A) category; exemplar
**B) collectivist; individualist**
C) social; individualist
D) social; clinical
62
3) 'Mere presence' and the 'audience effect' are both terms relating to
A) group norms
B) the conformity bias
C) social facilitation
D) group think
3) 'Mere presence' and the 'audience effect' are both terms relating to
A) group norms
B) the conformity bias
**C) social facilitation**
D) group think
63
4) According to Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation
A) social facilitation follows a correct dominant response
B) social inhibition occurs when a dominant response is incorrect
C) the presence of others produces arousal
D) all of the above
4) According to Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation
A) social facilitation follows a correct dominant response
B) social inhibition occurs when a dominant response is incorrect
C) the presence of others produces arousal
**D) all of the above**
64
5) Roger Federer is a world-class tennis player. But he really lifts his game when playing
A) his girlfriend
B) at his home club
C) his buddy
D) at Wimbledon
5) Roger Federer is a world-class tennis player. But he really lifts his game when playing
A) his girlfriend
B) at his home club
C) his buddy
**D) at Wimbledon**
65
6) Enyi is a brilliant cellist and tonight she is playing at a concert. According to the distraction/conflict theory, she will
A) experience attentional conflict
B) worry about being distracted and make errors
C) wonder what the audience thinks of her
D) all of the above
6) Enyi is a brilliant cellist and tonight she is playing at a concert. According to the distraction/conflict theory, she will
**A) experience attentional conflict**
B) worry about being distracted and make errors
C) wonder what the audience thinks of her
D) all of the above
66
7) The finding that participants can name the colour a word is presented in, even when the word may be incongruent with the colour (e.g., the word ‘RED’ displayed in a yellow colour), with less delay when they are in the presence of others than when they are alone demonstrates
A) that the Stroop Task is performed better when the participant is alone
B) the attentional consequences of social presence
C) self-awareness theory
D) none of the above
7) The finding that participants can name the colour a word is presented in, even when the word may be incongruent with the colour (e.g., the word ‘RED’ displayed in a yellow colour), with less delay when they are in the presence of others than when they are alone demonstrates
A) that the Stroop Task is performed better when the participant is alone
B) the attentional consequences of social presence
C) self-awareness theory
D) none of the above
7) The finding that participants can name the colour a word is presented in, even when the word may be incongruent with the colour (e.g., the word ‘RED’ displayed in a yellow colour), with less delay when they are in the presence of others than when they are alone demonstrates
A) that the Stroop Task is performed better when the participant is alone
**B) the attentional consequences of social presence**
C) self-awareness theory
D) none of the above
67
8) A drop in individual effort on a task as the number of people working together on the task increases can be explained by
A) coordination loss
B) motivation loss
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
8) A drop in individual effort on a task as the number of people working together on the task increases can be explained by
A) coordination loss
B) motivation loss
**C) both A and B**
D) neither A nor B
68
9) Evaluation apprehension, matching to standard and output equity are terms relating to
A) explanations of why individual productivity can drop when working in a group
B) social facilitation
C) group dynamics
D) the distraction-conflict theory of social facilitation
9) Evaluation apprehension, matching to standard and output equity are terms relating to
**A) explanations of why individual productivity can drop when working in a group**
B) social facilitation
C) group dynamics
D) the distraction-conflict theory of social facilitation
69
10) Because there is a compulsory student union fee at her university, Linda decided not to be a financial member. However, she happily claims a discount on what she buys at the university bookshop, eats cheap meals at the student cafeteria and makes use of club room space. In social psychological terms, Linda is a
A) beneficiary
B) compensator
C) social loafer
D) free rider
10) Because there is a compulsory student union fee at her university, Linda decided not to be a financial member. However, she happily claims a discount on what she buys at the university bookshop, eats cheap meals at the student cafeteria and makes use of club room space. In social psychological terms, Linda is a
A) beneficiary
B) compensator
C) social loafer
**D) free rider**
70
11) Which of the following group characteristics helps to reduce social loafing?
A) Shared norms
B) Members’ belief that together they will achieve important goals
C) A rigid hierarchical structure
D) An implicit surveillance method
11) Which of the following group characteristics helps to reduce social loafing?
A) Shared norms
**B) Members’ belief that together they will achieve important goals**
C) A rigid hierarchical structure
D) An implicit surveillance method
71
12) In the interpersonal interdependence model of group cohesiveness, we would expect group members to
A) perceive themselves as similar
B) like each other
C) communicate well and adhere to group standards
D) all of the above
12) In the interpersonal interdependence model of group cohesiveness, we would expect group members to
A) perceive themselves as similar
B) like each other
C) communicate well and adhere to group standards
**D) all of the above**
72
13) Alex and Lauren have been close friends since they were 6-years old. They are now part of rival pub trivia teams and their respective teams are competing against each other for the grand prize – a $50 bar tab. From this information, Alex has ____________ for Lauren and _____________ for her.
A) high personal attraction; low social attraction
B) high social attraction; low personal attraction
C) high personal attraction; high social attraction
D) low social attraction; low personal attraction
13) Alex and Lauren have been close friends since they were 6-years old. They are now part of rival pub trivia teams and their respective teams are competing against each other for the grand prize – a $50 bar tab. From this information, Alex has ____________ for Lauren and _____________ for her.
**A) high personal attraction; low social attraction**
B) high social attraction; low personal attraction
C) high personal attraction; high social attraction
D) low social attraction; low personal attraction
73
14) A person's passage through groups over time has been described by Moreland and colleagues as
A) role transition
B) group socialisation
C) role discontinuities
D) biographical
14) A person's passage through groups over time has been described by Moreland and colleagues as
A) role transition
**B) group socialisation**
C) role discontinuities
D) biographical
74
15) The three basic processes involved in Moreland’s group socialisation are
A) evaluation, commitment and role transition
B) assessment, commitment and group normalising
C) evaluation, role transition and adjourning
D) storming, norming and performing
15) The three basic processes involved in Moreland’s group socialisation are
**A) evaluation, commitment and role transition**
B) assessment, commitment and group normalising
C) evaluation, role transition and adjourning
D) storming, norming and performing
75
16) Chandler is a new member of the drama society at University. However, all members must go through a mysterious initiation process before they can attain full member status, which Chandler has not yet completed. At the moment, Chandler is a __________ of the drama society.
A) non-member
B) full member
C) quasi-member
D) complete member
16) Chandler is a new member of the drama society at University. However, all members must go through a mysterious initiation process before they can attain full member status, which Chandler has not yet completed. At the moment, Chandler is a __________ of the drama society.
A) non-member
B) full member
**C) quasi-member**
D) complete member
76
17) Attitudinal and behavioural uniformities that define group membership and differentiate between groups are called
A) cognitive discontinuities
B) norms
C) initiation rites
D) ethnographies
17) Attitudinal and behavioural uniformities that define group membership and differentiate between groups are called
A) cognitive discontinuities
**B) norms**
C) initiation rites
D) ethnographies
77
18) In a now classic study by Zimbardo, students were divided into prisoners and guards. A central finding was that
A) this experiment failed to mimic real life
B) students in California turned out to be more callous than most
C) students make effective guards but terrible prisoners
D) roles can become internalised
18) In a now classic study by Zimbardo, students were divided into prisoners and guards. A central finding was that
A) this experiment failed to mimic real life
B) students in California turned out to be more callous than most
C) students make effective guards but terrible prisoners
**D) roles can become internalised**
78
19) Like his father Basil before him, Brian Fawlty owns a small hotel. When he smiles and suggests improvements for running the operation, his staff smile and agree. Clearly, Brian
A) has high status
B) is a charismatic leader
C) got an A at management school
D) is a better con artist than his Dad
19) Like his father Basil before him, Brian Fawlty owns a small hotel. When he smiles and suggests improvements for running the operation, his staff smile and agree. Clearly, Brian
**A) has high status**
B) is a charismatic leader
C) got an A at management school
D) is a better con artist than his Dad
79
20) For more complex tasks, it is known that less centralised communication networks
A) confuse co-workers
B) increase the chance of co-ordination loss
C) usually lead to better group performance
D) are called wheels
20) For more complex tasks, it is known that less centralised communication networks
A) confuse co-workers
B) increase the chance of co-ordination loss
**C) usually lead to better group performance**
D) are called wheels
80
21) Deviants and marginal members of a group are those that
A) are highly prototypical core members of the group
B) do not embody the group’s attributes
C) steal from members of other groups
D) all of the above
21) Deviants and marginal members of a group are those that
A) are highly prototypical core members of the group
**B) do not embody the group’s attributes**
C) steal from members of other groups
D) all of the above
81
22) According to terror management theory, people join groups to
A) improve their management skills to deal with acts of terrorism
B) reduce the fear of death
C) escape from a dangerous world
D) none of the above
22) According to terror management theory, people join groups to
A) improve their management skills to deal with acts of terrorism
**B) reduce the fear of death**
C) escape from a dangerous world
D) none of the above
82
23) Collective behaviour involves, at the very least
A) a crowd making a lot of noise
B) a riot
C) a super-mentality
D) a large number of people acting in a uniform manner
23) Collective behaviour involves, at the very least
A) a crowd making a lot of noise
B) a riot
C) a super-mentality
**D) a large number of people acting in a uniform manner**
83
24) What kind of relative deprivation has been found to be associated with social unrest?
A) Egoistic relative deprivation but NOT fraternalistic relative deprivation
B) Egoistic relative deprivation AND fraternalistic relative deprivation
C) Fraternalistic relative deprivation but NOT egoistic relative deprivation
D) Interpersonal relative deprivation
24) What kind of relative deprivation has been found to be associated with social unrest?
A) Egoistic relative deprivation but NOT fraternalistic relative deprivation
B) Egoistic relative deprivation AND fraternalistic relative deprivation
**C) Fraternalistic relative deprivation but NOT egoistic relative deprivation**
D) Interpersonal relative deprivation
84
25) If Martha thinks that she has less than what she due, or what others in her situation have, she feels
A) jealous
B) egoistically relatively deprived
C) fraternalistically relatively deprived
D) depressed
25) If Martha thinks that she has less than what she due, or what others in her situation have, she feels
A) jealous
**B) egoistically relatively deprived**
C) fraternalistically relatively deprived
D) depressed
85
26) In contrast to other explanations of prejudice and discrimination, Sherif stressed the role of
A) interpersonal processes
B) personality traits
C) intergroup relations
D) governmental politics
26) In contrast to other explanations of prejudice and discrimination, Sherif stressed the role of
A) interpersonal processes
B) personality traits
**C) intergroup relations**
D) governmental politics
86
27) What is a limitation of the various studies examining realistic conflict theory (e.g., Sherif’s summer camp studies)?
A) There are a large number of variables operating together in these studies and thus the causal agents of the intergroup behaviour are confounded
B) The studies were conducted a long time ago and need to be replicated to verify that this effect of realistic conflict theory still exists
C) The boys in the camp all had authoritarian personalities
D) All of the above
27) What is a limitation of the various studies examining realistic conflict theory (e.g., Sherif’s summer camp studies)?
**A) There are a large number of variables operating together in these studies and thus the causal agents of the intergroup behaviour are confounded**
B) The studies were conducted a long time ago and need to be replicated to verify that this effect of realistic conflict theory still exists
C) The boys in the camp all had authoritarian personalities
D) All of the above
87
28) One feature of a commons dilemma is that
A) group norms often conflict with what individuals commonly want to do
B) common people often want to be in an exclusive group but can't afford it
C) having a commons or shared area is not possible with urbanisation
D) cooperation between individuals is required to protect a renewable resource
28) One feature of a commons dilemma is that
A) group norms often conflict with what individuals commonly want to do
B) common people often want to be in an exclusive group but can't afford it
C) having a commons or shared area is not possible with urbanisation
**D) cooperation between individuals is required to protect a renewable resource**
88
29) Sam joins a psychology study group at the start of semester. Each week the group members share the notes they took during classes, as well as interesting articles they have found. However, each week Sam claims to have been too sick or busy during the week to go to class or to take any notes. As such, Sam takes a copy of everyone else’s notes from the study group but never contributes anything to the group himself. This is an example of
A) the free-rider effect
B) relative deprivation
C) the commons dilemma
D) all of the above
29) Sam joins a psychology study group at the start of semester. Each week the group members share the notes they took during classes, as well as interesting articles they have found. However, each week Sam claims to have been too sick or busy during the week to go to class or to take any notes. As such, Sam takes a copy of everyone else’s notes from the study group but never contributes anything to the group himself. This is an example of
**A) the free-rider effect**
B) relative deprivation
C) the commons dilemma
D) all of the above
89
30) Social categorisation refers to
A) a process associated with the realistic conflict theory
B) the attitude that precedes discrimination
C) collective attribution
D) the process of classifying people as members of different social groups
30) Social categorisation refers to
A) a process associated with the realistic conflict theory
B) the attitude that precedes discrimination
C) collective attribution
**D) the process of classifying people as members of different social groups**
90
31) Social identity should become more positive through EACH of
A) social competition, individual creativity and social isolation
B) social competition, social creativity and individual mobility
C) individual competition, individual creativity and individual mobility
D) social castes, ideologies and a feudal system
31) Social identity should become more positive through EACH of
A) social competition, individual creativity and social isolation
**B) social competition, social creativity and individual mobility**
C) individual competition, individual creativity and individual mobility
D) social castes, ideologies and a feudal system
91
32) In societies characterised by a social mobility belief system, individuals can improve the quality of their social identity by
A) engaging in civil rights activities
B) emigrating
C) assimilating into a high-status group
D) challenging the higher-status group
32) In societies characterised by a social mobility belief system, individuals can improve the quality of their social identity by
A) engaging in civil rights activities
B) emigrating
**C) assimilating into a high-status group**
D) challenging the higher-status group
92
33) Brigham and Barkowitz (1978) had African American and Caucasian college students view a photograph set of African American and Caucasian faces. Participants were then shown a second set of faces in which they had to indicate whether they had seen each of the faces in the previous photoset. They found that participants had more difficulty recognising outgroup than ingroup faces. This is an example of
A) racism
B) the relative homogeneity effect
C) social categorisation
D) all of the above
33) Brigham and Barkowitz (1978) had African American and Caucasian college students view a photograph set of African American and Caucasian faces. Participants were then shown a second set of faces in which they had to indicate whether they had seen each of the faces in the previous photoset. They found that participants had more difficulty recognising outgroup than ingroup faces. This is an example of
A) racism
**B) the relative homogeneity effect**
C) social categorisation
D) all of the above
93
34) The accentuation effect includes the
A) pressure on a new group member to fit into a newly adopted category
B) overestimation of similarities among people within a category
C) attempt by language minorities to retain their accent
D) underestimation of dissimilarities between members of different categories
34) The accentuation effect includes the
A) pressure on a new group member to fit into a newly adopted category
**B) overestimation of similarities among people within a category**
C) attempt by language minorities to retain their accent
D) underestimation of dissimilarities between members of different categories
94
35) According to intergroup emotion theory proposed by Mackie and her colleagues, in an intergroup context
A) negative emotions about an outgroup can lead to discrimination against the outgroup
B) our 'collective' self appraises whether a situation will harm or benefit 'us'
C) positive emotions about an ingroup should lead to ingroup solidarity
D) all of the above
35) According to intergroup emotion theory proposed by Mackie and her colleagues, in an intergroup context
A) negative emotions about an outgroup can lead to discrimination against the outgroup
B) our 'collective' self appraises whether a situation will harm or benefit 'us'
C) positive emotions about an ingroup should lead to ingroup solidarity
**D) all of the above**
95
36) Diener et al. (1976) studied the behaviour of children on Halloween. In a series of focal homes, children were warmly invited into the houses and told that they could take one piece of candy from a bowl on a table. It was found that children who remained anonymous were more likely to take extra pieces of candy compared to children who disclosed their name and address to the homeowners. This finding can be attributed to
A) deindividuation
B) crowd behaviour
C) greed
D) the free-rider effect
36) Diener et al. (1976) studied the behaviour of children on Halloween. In a series of focal homes, children were warmly invited into the houses and told that they could take one piece of candy from a bowl on a table. It was found that children who remained anonymous were more likely to take extra pieces of candy compared to children who disclosed their name and address to the homeowners. This finding can be attributed to
**A) deindividuation**
B) crowd behaviour
C) greed
D) the free-rider effect
96
37) Emergent norm theory focuses on
A) normative behaviour that is collectively negotiated by individuals' stress
B) how leaders emerge in initially normless crowds to create order
C) the breakdown of established norms and their replacement by new ones
D) collective action as norm-governed behaviour within an initially normless crowd
37) Emergent norm theory focuses on
A) normative behaviour that is collectively negotiated by individuals' stress
B) how leaders emerge in initially normless crowds to create order
C) the breakdown of established norms and their replacement by new ones
**D) collective action as norm-governed behaviour within an initially normless crowd**
97
38) Superordinate goals will not reduce intergroup conflict if
A) a monetary incentive is not provided for successfully achieving the goal
B) the groups fail to achieve the goal
C) the groups are ethnically diverse
D) all of the above
38) Superordinate goals will not reduce intergroup conflict if
A) a monetary incentive is not provided for successfully achieving the goal
**B) the groups fail to achieve the goal**
C) the groups are ethnically diverse
D) all of the above
