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PSY2042 > Introduction to Personality Theory and Psychodynamic Theory > Flashcards

Introduction to Personality Theory and Psychodynamic Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Longitudinal study

A

A study that collects data on the same people at more than one time

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2
Q

Define

Confounding variables

A

In a correlational study, an outside variable related to the primary variables; also known as third variables

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3
Q

Define

Correlational study

A

Studies that examine the relationship between two or more characteristics of people

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4
Q

Define

Triangulation

A

Using different research methods to answer the same question, in order to be more certain of the answer

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5
Q

Define

Repressive copers

A

People who deny their anxiety even when they’re feeling very worried; they score high on social desirability and low on self-report measures of anxiety

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6
Q

Define

Physiological measures

A

Measurements assessing physical reactions such as heart rate or sweating

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7
Q

Define

Intercoder reliability

A

Occurs when people coding stories or written material agree, using a set of rules, that it meets a certain criteria

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8
Q

Define

Informant reports

A

When the people close to someone (roommates, family, friends) report on his or her personality

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9
Q

Define

Normal distribution

A

A distribution of scores in which most people score in the middles and fewer score at the extremes; also known as a “bell curve”

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10
Q

Define

Mode

A

The most frequent score

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11
Q

Define

Median

A

The score that falls in the middle of all the scores on the test (also called the 50th percentile)

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12
Q

Define

Descriptive statistics

A

Numbers such as the mean, median and mode

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13
Q

Define

Discriminant validity

A

When a scale does not correlate with unrelated scales

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14
Q

Define

Convergent validity

A

When a scale correlates with other scales measuring the same construct

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15
Q

Define

Internal reliability

A

When all of the items on a questionnaire measure the same thing

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16
Q

Define

Statistically significant

A

Having a probability of less than 5% that the results are due to random chance

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17
Q

Define

Null correlation

A

When two variables are not related to each other

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18
Q

Define

Negative correlation

A

When one variable is high, the other variable tends to be low

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19
Q

Define

Positive correlation

A

When one variable is high, the other variable tends to be high as well

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20
Q

Define

Correlation

A

The statistical relationship between two variables

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21
Q

Define

Acquiescence response set

A

The tendency of some respondents to agree with many items on a questionnaire

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22
Q

Define

Reverse-scored items

A

Items scored in the opposite direction from the responses

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23
Q

Define

Self-report measure

A

Questionnaires asking people to report on their own personalities, usually through rating themselves on a list of adjectives or statements

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24
Q

Define

Personality assessment

A

The way we measure and capture personality, using a variety of methods

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25
Q

Define

Socially desirable responding

A

The tendency of people to make themselves look better than they actually are

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26
Q

Define

Conscientiousness

A

Organised, ambitious and self-controlled; opposite: being messy, unmotivated, and impulsive

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27
Q

Define

Person-situation interaction

A

When the person and situation work together to determine behaviour

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28
Q

Define

Nature-nurture debate

A

The view that geneitcs cause personality traits versus the view that the environment causes personality traits

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29
Q

Define

Person-Situation Debate

A

The view that stable personality traits predict behaviour versus the view personality doesn’t really exist and the situation is much more important

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30
Q

Define

Situation

A

The other people and the physical environment surrounding a person

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31
Q

Define

Introversion

A

How shy and reserved someone is, the opposite of extraversion

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32
Q

Define

Extraversion

A

How outgoing, assertive, and talkative someone is

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33
Q

Define

Personality

A

Someone’s usual pattern of behaviour, feelings, and thoughts

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34
Q

Define

Random Assignment to Condition

A

A process ensuring that all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment; through random assignment, researchers can be relatively certain that differences in the participants’ personalities or backgrounds are distributed evenly across conditions

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35
Q

Define

Independent Variable

A

The variable a researcher changes or varies to see if it has an effect on some other variable

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36
Q

Define

Experimental Method

A

The method in which the researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures that these conditions are identical except for the independent variable (the one thought to have a causal effect on people’s responses)

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37
Q

Define

Dependent Variable

A

The variable a researcher measures to see if it is influenced by the independent variable; the researcher hypothesises that this variable will depend on the level of the independent variable

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38
Q

Define

Projective tests

A

Measures designed to elicit personality characteristics without directly asking

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39
Q

Define

Barnum Effect

A

The tendency for people to believe vague positive statements about themselves

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40
Q

Define

Face validity

A

When scale items appear, at face value, to measure what they are supposed to measure

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41
Q

Define

Mean

A

The average score on a scale, calculated by adding everyone’s scores anc dividing by the number of scores

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42
Q

Define

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

a device that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow

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43
Q

Define

Test-Retest Reliability

A

Taking the test at to different times produces roughly the same result

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44
Q

Define

Validity

A

When a scale measures what it’s supposed to measure

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45
Q

Define

Reliability

A

Consistency, either within a scale or over time

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46
Q

Define

Predictive validity

A

When a scale is related to a concrete outcome or behaviour

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47
Q

Define

Percentile score

A

The percentage of people someone scores higher than on a scale or test; a score at the 90th ______ means someone scores higher than 90% of the people who took the scale

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48
Q

Define

Likert scale

A

A range of numbers that correspond to how much someone agrees or disagrees with an item

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49
Q

Define

Cronbach’s alpha

A

a statistical measire of internal reliability

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50
Q

Definition

A study that collects data on the same people at more than one time

A

Longitudinal study

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51
Q

Definition

In a correlational study, an outside variable related to the primary variables; also known as third variables

A

Confounding variables

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52
Q

Definition

Studies that examine the relationship between two or more characteristics of people

A

Correlational study

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53
Q

Definition

Using different research methods to answer the same question, in order to be more certain of the answer

A

Triangulation

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54
Q

Definition

People who deny their anxiety even when they’re feeling very worried; they score high on social desirability and low on self-report measures of anxiety

A

Repressive copers

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55
Q

Definition

Measurements assessing physical reactions such as heart rate or sweating

A

Physiological measures

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56
Q

Definition

Occurs when people coding stories or written material agree, using a set of rules, that it meets a certain criteria

A

Intercoder reliability

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57
Q

Definition

When the people close to someone (roommates, family, friends) report on his or her personality

A

Informant reports

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58
Q

Definition

A distribution of scores in which most people score in the middles and fewer score at the extremes; also known as a “bell curve”

A

Normal distribution

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59
Q

Definition

The most frequent score

A

Mode

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60
Q

Definition

The score that falls in the middle of all the scores on the test (also called the 50th percentile)

A

Median

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61
Q

Definition

Numbers such as the mean, median and mode

A

Descriptive statistics

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62
Q

Definition

When a scale does not correlate with unrelated scales

A

Discriminant validity

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63
Q

Definition

When a scale correlates with other scales measuring the same construct

A

Convergent validity

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64
Q

Definition

When all of the items on a questionnaire measure the same thing

A

Internal reliability

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65
Q

Definition

Having a probability of less than 5% that the results are due to random chance

A

Statistically significant

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66
Q

Definition

When two variables are not related to each other

A

Null correlation

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67
Q

Definition

When one variable is high, the other variable tends to be low

A

Negative correlation

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68
Q

Definition

When one variable is high, the other variable tends to be high as well

A

Positive correlation

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69
Q

Definition

The statistical relationship between two variables

A

Correlation

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70
Q

Definition

The tendency of some respondents to agree with many items on a questionnaire

A

Acquiescence response set

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71
Q

Definition

Items scored in the opposite direction from the responses

A

Reverse-scored items

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72
Q

Definition

Questionnaires asking people to report on their own personalities, usually through rating themselves on a list of adjectives or statements

A

Self-report measure

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73
Q

Definition

The way we measure and capture personality, using a variety of methods

A

Personality assessment

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74
Q

Definition

The tendency of people to make themselves look better than they actually are

A

Socially desirable responding

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75
Q

Definition

Organised, ambitious and self-controlled; opposite: being messy, unmotivated, and impulsive

A

Conscientiousness

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76
Q

Definition

When the person and situation work together to determine behaviour

A

Person-situation interaction

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77
Q

Definition

The view that geneitcs cause personality traits versus the view that the environment causes personality traits

A

Nature-nurture debate

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78
Q

Definition

The view that stable personality traits predict behaviour versus the view personality doesn’t really exist and the situation is much more important

A

Person-Situation Debate

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79
Q

Definition

The other people and the physical environment surrounding a person

A

Situation

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80
Q

Definition

How shy and reserved someone is, the opposite of extraversion

A

Introversion

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81
Q

Definition

How outgoing, assertive, and talkative someone is

A

Extraversion

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82
Q

Definition

Someone’s usual pattern of behaviour, feelings, and thoughts

A

Personality

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83
Q

Definition

A process ensuring that all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment; through random assignment, researchers can be relatively certain that differences in the participants’ personalities or backgrounds are distributed evenly across conditions

A

Random Assignment to Condition

84
Q

Definition

The variable a researcher changes or varies to see if it has an effect on some other variable

A

Independent Variable

85
Q

Definition

The method in which the researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures that these conditions are identical except for the independent variable (the one thought to have a causal effect on people’s responses)

A

Experimental Method

86
Q

Definition

The variable a researcher measures to see if it is influenced by the independent variable; the researcher hypothesises that this variable will depend on the level of the independent variable

A

Dependent Variable

87
Q

Definition

Measures designed to elicit personality characteristics without directly asking

A

Projective tests

88
Q

Definition

The tendency for people to believe vague positive statements about themselves

A

Barnum Effect

89
Q

Definition

When scale items appear, at face value, to measure what they are supposed to measure

A

Face validity

90
Q

Definition

The average score on a scale, calculated by adding everyone’s scores anc dividing by the number of scores

A

Mean

91
Q

Definition

a device that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

92
Q

Definition

Taking the test at to different times produces roughly the same result

A

Test-Retest Reliability

93
Q

Definition

When a scale measures what it’s supposed to measure

A

Validity

94
Q

Definition

Consistency, either within a scale or over time

A

Reliability

95
Q

Definition

When a scale is related to a concrete outcome or behaviour

A

Predictive validity

96
Q

Definition

The percentage of people someone scores higher than on a scale or test; a score at the 90th ______ means someone scores higher than 90% of the people who took the scale

A

Percentile score

97
Q

Definition

A range of numbers that correspond to how much someone agrees or disagrees with an item

A

Likert scale

98
Q

Definition

a statistical measire of internal reliability

A

Cronbach’s alpha

99
Q

Why do we study psychology?

A
  • Allows us to try to understand the person as a whole such that individuals can be seen as:
    • integrated
    • coherent
    • Unique
  • Personality theories have influenced:
    • the whole field of Psychology
    • Society
100
Q

What is personality?

A
  • Personality is someone’s usual pattern of beliefs, feelings, and thoughts.
  • Personality includes tendencies all humans share, but also individual differences.
  • Some personality differences are obvious; others less so.
  • Personality is shaped by genetics, parents, peers, birth order, and culture.
101
Q

What is the aim of personlaity psychology?

A

Personality psychology aims to define and measure what it can, while acknowledging that there are many other influences on behaviour.

102
Q

Personality is a “hub” topic, at the centre of various subareas within psychology including what?

A
  • Developmental psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical psychology
  • Industrial/organizational psychology
  • Social psychology
103
Q

Where Can We See Personality?

A

Personality is everywhere.

  • Social interaction
  • Facebook use
  • Choice of product brand
  • Offices and bedrooms
  • Physical appearance
104
Q

Overall, definitions of personality typically include

A
  • Has organisation
  • Is dynamic (some fluidity, not exactly the same across all situations)
  • Relates to physical systems and experiences
  • Is causal in terms of how the individual relates to the world
  • Has a predictive quality to it (patterns)
  • Is displayed in thought, behaviour and emotion
105
Q

True or False

Personality can be measured accurately enough to predict behavior

A

True

106
Q

What is the person–situation debate?

A
  • On one side, the view that stable personality traits predict behavior
  • On the other side, the view that situation is much more important and personality doesn’t really exist
107
Q

What are theories of personality influenced by?

A

Personal factors

The spirit of the time

Philosophical assumptions characteristic of members of a given culture

108
Q

What two drives suggested by Freud through the psychodynamic theory are said to shape personality?

A

‘Eros’ ‐ life/sexual instinct or drive, libido is the psychic energy associated with sexual instinct.

‘Thanatos’ ‐ death/aggressive instinct or drive

109
Q

What was Freud’s view of the person?

A
  • The mind as an energy system
    • The mind is a system that contains and directs instinctual drives
    • Major scientific problem is to explain how mental energy flows, gets sidetracked, gets dammed up
110
Q

What were the three core ideas of Freud’s view of mental energy?

A
  1. There is a limited amount of energy
  2. Energy can be blocked but does not “just go away”; instead gets expressed in some other manner, along a path of least resistance
  3. The mind functions to achieve a state of quiescence
111
Q

What are the two implications of catharsis?

A
  • Mind is an energy system
  • The mind has more than one part
    • A region of ideas of which people are consciously aware
    • A more mysterious, hidden region of ideas that lie outside of awareness: “unconscious”
112
Q

What did Freud believe about individuals in society?

A
  • Prevailing belief was that people are essentially good, but society corrupts them
  • In psychoanalysis, sexual and aggressive drives are an inborn part of human nature
  • Individuals function according to a pleasure principle, seek the pleasurable gratification of those drives
  • Society teaches the child that biologically naturally drives are socially unacceptable and maintains social norms and taboos that drive this lesson home
113
Q

According to Freud, what are the two levels of consciousness?

A

Conscious

Unconscious

114
Q

According to Freud, what are the functional systems in the mind?

A

Id

Ego

Superego

115
Q

What does the conscious, preconscious and unconscious include?

A
  • Conscious level includes thoughts of which we are aware
  • Preconscious level contains mental contents of which we easily could become aware if we attended to them
  • Unconscious mental contents are parts of the mind of which we are unaware and cannot become aware except under special circumstances
116
Q

What phenomena did Freud believe revealed content of the inconscious?

A

slips of the tongue

neuroses

psychoses

works of art

rituals

dreams

117
Q

Which functional system operated according to the pleasure principle?

A

Id

118
Q

Which functional system operates according to the reality priniciple?

A

Ego

119
Q

What is manifest content?

A

the actual literal subject matter of the dream

120
Q

What is latent content?

A

the underlying meaning of the symbols in a dream

121
Q

According to Freud, which type of dream content is important for accessing the unconscious?

A

Latent content

122
Q

What are some relationships found between personality traits and dreams?

A

People high in neuroticism have more nightmares.

People low in neuroticism and high in openness to experience tend to have more dreams about flying.

People high in openness to experience see more strange and different people and are more likely to remember their dreams.

Highly agreeable people see more people in their dreams.

123
Q

What is day residue?

A

Experiences from the day incorporated into a dream’s manifest content

124
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

Strategies used to keep unconscious thoughts from the conscious mind

125
Q

What is the anima/animus?

A

The soul; the archetype of the opposite sex of the individual

126
Q

What is the shadow?

A

The archetype of the same sex as the individual

127
Q

What are archetypes?

A

Unconscious psychic structures shared by all people

128
Q

What is ego functioning?

A

The ways the individual interprets the world

129
Q

What is the self?

A

The archetype at the center of the collective unconscious

130
Q

What is the collective unconscious?

A

Jung’s term for the unconscious archetypes shared by all humans

131
Q

What is personal unconscious?

A

Jung’s term for the unconscious of the individual

132
Q

What is defensive pessimism?

A

Thinking negative thoughts to prepare for negative outcomes

133
Q

What is displacement?

A

Moving a troubling impulse onto a different, less threatening object

134
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Channeling unconscious impulses into work

135
Q

What is repressive coping?

A

Not allowing your anxiety to become fully conscious

136
Q

What is projection?

A

Seeing one’s own unconscious content in others rather than oneself

137
Q

What is dream interpretation?

A

The therapeutic technique of uncovering the hidden meaning of dreams

138
Q

What is repression?

A

Keeping the unconscious from consciousness by pushing it away

139
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

Disguising unconscious content by turning it into its opposite

140
Q

What is denial?

A

Not acknowledging unconscious content

141
Q

What is the Electra complex?

A

The daughter’s love for the father and wish for the mother’s death (attributed to Jung)

142
Q

What is anal retentive?

A

Gaining pleasure from retaining the bowels

143
Q

What is oral fixation?

A

Having libido attached to the mouth

144
Q

What is wish fulfillment?

A

The unconscious desire to have one’s fantasies realised

145
Q

What is penis envy?

A

The idea that girls desire to have penises

146
Q

What is castration anxiety?

A

The male child’s fear of being castrated by the father

147
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

The male child’s love for the mother and wish for the father’s death during the phallic stage

148
Q

What is anal expulsive?

A

Gaining pleasure from releasing the bowels

149
Q

What is the genital stage?

A

When the child begins adult sexual development in puberty

150
Q

What is the latent stage?

A

The quieting of the libido from age 6 until puberty

151
Q

What is the superego?

A

The strict and demanding part of the mind

152
Q

What is the phallic stage?

A

The attachment of libido to the genitals

153
Q

What is the anal stage?

A

The attachment of libido to the anus

154
Q

What is the oral stage?

A

The attachment of libido to the mouth

155
Q

What are developmental stages according to Freud?

A

The stages children go through as the libido moves through the body

156
Q

What is a talking cure?

A

Freud’s term for the treatment of hysteria by talking in therapy sessions

157
Q

What is cathexis?

A

The attachment of libido to thoughts, objects, or parts of the body

158
Q

What is libido?

A

Freud’s term for sexual psychic energy

159
Q

What is a Freudian slip?

A

When what you really think deep down comes out as a slip of the tongue

160
Q

What is the ego?

A

The conscious part of the mind that navigates between the id and super-ego

161
Q

What is the structural model?

A

Freud’s model of the mind with three parts: the id, the ego, and the super-ego

162
Q

What is the reality prinicple?

A

The goals of the conscious mind, which finds what works in reality

163
Q

What is the pleasure principle?

A

The driving force of the unconscious that wants whatever brings pleasure

164
Q

What is censorship according to Freud?

A

The process of keeping the unconscious from entering consciousness

165
Q

What is the Id?

A

The unconscious mind, motivated for pleasure and wish fulfillment

166
Q

What is the preconscious mind?

A

The barely conscious part of our minds that keeps the unconscious out of conscious awareness

167
Q

What is the topographical model?

A

Freud’s model of the minf that highlights the conflict between the pleasure principle and the reality principle

168
Q

What is a mandala?

A

A squared circle; a classic representation of the Self in Jungian theory

169
Q

What is free association?

A

A psychoanalytic technique involving saying whatever comes into your head

170
Q

What is hysteria?

A

A psychological disorder characterised bu unexplained physical symptoms such as blindness, fainting or paralysis

171
Q

What is analytical psychology?

A

The study of the personal and collective unconscious developed by Jung

172
Q

What is transferance?

A

The way the client perceives the therapist

173
Q

What is the conscious?

A

The part of the mind within our usual awareness

174
Q

What is the unconscious?

A

The part of the mind outside of conscious awareness

175
Q

What are neo-analytic theories?

A

The psychodynamic theorists who came after Freud and took his ideas in new and interesting directions

176
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

The study of the dynamics of the mind developed by Freud

177
Q

What is isolation?

A

Impulse, thought, or act is not denied access to consciousness, but is denied the normal accompanying emotion

178
Q

What is rationalisation?

A

Ego constructs a rational motive to explain an unacceptable action that is actually caused by the irrational impulses of the id

179
Q

What are some examples of defense mechanisms?

A

Denial

Projection

Isolation

Rationalisation

Sublimation

Repression

180
Q

Are defense mechanisms adaptive or malasadaptive?

A

Whether it is adaptive or maladaptive depends on the extent of distortion, how pervasive it is and the circumstances under which it occurs

181
Q

What is the order of psychosexual development?

A

0 - 1 years: Oral stage

1 - 3 years: Anal stage

3 - 5 years: Phallic stage

6 - 11 years: Latency stage

12 - 18 year: Genital stage

182
Q

Do children actually display Oedipal behaviors or are they distorted memories of patients in psychoanalytic treatment?

A

Watson and Getz (1990)

  • Collected parents’ reports of parent‐child interactions and analyzed children’s responses to stories involving parent‐child interaction
  • At around age four, children show increased preference for the parent of the opposite sex and an increased antagonism toward the parent of the same sex
  • These behaviors diminish at around the age of five or six
183
Q

What were Jung’s ideas about personality?

A
  • Emphasis on evolutionary foundations of the human mind
    • Collective unconscious holds cumulative experiences of past generations; is universal
    • Contains universal images or symbols, or archetypes
    • Seen in fairy tales, dreams, myths, and some psychotic thoughts
  • Mother archetype expressed in different cultures in a variety of forms: as life giver, as all giving and nurturant, as the witch or threatening punisher
  • Evidence for archetypes being part of collective unconscious is their universality across cultures
184
Q

What are some examples of Jung’s archetypes?

A

Persona

Shadow

Anima

Animus

Self

185
Q

What are the limitations of Freud’s theory?

A
  • Concepts were poorly designed
    • What is psychic energy and what unit is it measured in?
  • Not scientifically testable
  • Role of environment overlooked
  • Experiences beyond first 5 years of life affect personality
  • Women seen as inferior
  • Case study method/data (neurotic, wealthy European women)
  • Few child patients
  • Over‐emphasis on sexual drive
  • Pessimistic psychic determinism‐ is there no free will?
  • Time consuming, expensive therapy and of questionable efficacy (e.g., Eysenck, 1952)
186
Q
  1. Freud sees society as
    a) frustrating a person’s basic desires.
    b) necessary for happiness.
    c) prohibiting any gratification.
    d) conflicting with demands of the ego.
A
  1. Freud sees society as

a) frustrating a person’s basic desires.

b) necessary for happiness.
c) prohibiting any gratification.
d) conflicting with demands of the ego.

187
Q
  1. Psychoanalysis is
    a) a theory of personality.
    b) a method of therapy.
    c) a technique for research.
    d) all of the above.
A
  1. Psychoanalysis is
    a) a theory of personality.
    b) a method of therapy.
    c) a technique for research.

d) all of the above.

188
Q
  1. Emotional relief gained through talking about one’s problems is covered under the concept of
    a) cathexis.
    b) anticathexis.
    c) mechanism of defense.
    d) catharsis.
A
  1. Emotional relief gained through talking about one’s problems is covered under the concept of
    a) cathexis.
    b) anticathexis.
    c) mechanism of defense.

d) catharsis.

189
Q
  1. Which of the following phenomena did Freud NOT analyse in order to understand the properties of the unconscious?
    a) Slips of the tongue.
    b) A person’s behaviour.
    c) Works of art.
    d) Dreams.
A
  1. Which of the following phenomena did Freud NOT analyse in order to understand the properties of the unconscious?
    a) Slips of the tongue.

b) A person’s behaviour.

c) Works of art.
d) Dreams.

190
Q
  1. The characteristics of the unconscious are seen most clearly in
    a) dreams.
    b) mechanisms of defense.
    c) guilt.
    d) all of the above.
A
  1. The characteristics of the unconscious are seen most clearly in

a) dreams.

b) mechanisms of defense.
c) guilt.
d) all of the above.

191
Q
  1. A part of psychoanalytic theory is that psychic life can be described in terms of the degree to which we are aware of phenomena. There are three such levels of awareness. Which of the following is not one of these levels?
    a) conscious.
    b) unconscious.
    c) conscience.
    d) preconscious.
A
  1. A part of psychoanalytic theory is that psychic life can be described in terms of the degree to which we are aware of phenomena. There are three such levels of awareness. Which of the following is not one of these levels?
    a) conscious.
    b) unconscious.

c) conscience.

d) preconscious.

192
Q
  1. The preconscious differs from the unconscious in that
    a) the preconscious relates to phenomena we are able to be aware of if we attend to them.
    b) the preconscious relates to phenomena we cannot be aware of.
    c) the preconscious relates to phenomena before they happen.
    d) there is no difference.
A
  1. The preconscious differs from the unconscious in that

a) the preconscious relates to phenomena we are able to be aware of if we attend to them.

b) the preconscious relates to phenomena we cannot be aware of.
c) the preconscious relates to phenomena before they happen.
d) there is no difference.

193
Q
  1. The id
    a) seeks perfection.
    b) seeks reality.
    c) seeks pleasure.
    d) all of the above.
A
  1. The id
    a) seeks perfection.
    b) seeks reality.

c) seeks pleasure.

d) all of the above.

194
Q
  1. The psychoanalytic concept for the aspect of human functioning associated with rewards for striving for ideals and punishments for violating moral standards is the
    a) unconscious.
    b) superego.
    c) ego.
    d) id.
A
  1. The psychoanalytic concept for the aspect of human functioning associated with rewards for striving for ideals and punishments for violating moral standards is the
    a) unconscious.

b) superego.

c) ego.
d) id.

195
Q
  1. Id is to pleasure principle as ego is to
    a) pain principle.
    b) perfection principle.
    c) societal principle.
    d) reality principle.
A
  1. Id is to pleasure principle as ego is to
    a) pain principle.
    b) perfection principle.
    c) societal principle.

d) reality principle.

196
Q
  1. For Freud, the goal of all behaviour is
    a) survival.
    b) consciousness.
    c) pleasure.
    d) all of the above.
A
  1. For Freud, the goal of all behaviour is
    a) survival.
    b) consciousness.

c) pleasure.

d) all of the above.

197
Q
  1. “Not looking” is expressive of the mechanism of defense called
    a) projection.
    b) denial.
    c) repression.
    d) blind-sight.
A
  1. “Not looking” is expressive of the mechanism of defense called
    a) projection.

b) denial.

c) repression.
d) blind-sight.

198
Q
  1. Rationalization involves
    a) dismissing a thought from consciousness.
    b) perception of an action but not the motive for it.
    c) denial of the emotion accompanying an act.
    d) rationing the affect to fit the situation.
A
  1. Rationalization involves
    a) dismissing a thought from consciousness.

b) perception of an action but not the motive for it.

c) denial of the emotion accompanying an act.
d) rationing the affect to fit the situation.

199
Q
  1. Intellectualization occurs with the defense mechanism of
    a) denial.
    b) repression.
    c) undoing.
    d) isolation.
A
  1. Intellectualization occurs with the defense mechanism of
    a) denial.
    b) repression.
    c) undoing.

d) isolation.

200
Q
  1. Which defense mechanism plays a part in all other defense mechanisms?
    a) reaction-formation.
    b) repression.
    c) rationalization.
    d) regression.
A
  1. Which defense mechanism plays a part in all other defense mechanisms?
    a) reaction-formation.

b) repression.

c) rationalization.
d) regression.

201
Q
  1. Which of the following defense mechanisms involves replacement of the original object of gratification with a higher cultural goal?
    a) repression.
    b) denial.
    c) sublimation.
    d) reaction-formation.
A
  1. Which of the following defense mechanisms involves replacement of the original object of gratification with a higher cultural goal?
    a) repression.
    b) denial.

c) sublimation.

d) reaction-formation.

202
Q
  1. One can expect the operation of defense mechanisms to appear
    a) under all conditions.
    b) under conditions of threat.
    c) when the person is asleep.
    d) when a person is intoxicated or tired.
A
  1. One can expect the operation of defense mechanisms to appear
    a) under all conditions.

b) under conditions of threat.

c) when the person is asleep.
d) when a person is intoxicated or tired.

203
Q
  1. According to psychoanalytic theory, various forms of pathology are associated with
    a) particular stages of development.
    b) particular mechanisms of defense.
    c) particular wishes and fears.
    d) all of the above.
A
  1. According to psychoanalytic theory, various forms of pathology are associated with
    a) particular stages of development.
    b) particular mechanisms of defense.
    c) particular wishes and fears.

d) all of the above.

204
Q
  1. Universal images or symbols are known as
    a) archetypes.
    b) instincts.
    c) neurotic trends.
    d) basic drives.
A
  1. Universal images or symbols are known as

a) archetypes.

b) instincts.
c) neurotic trends.
d) basic drives.

205
Q
  1. Alfred Adler and Carl Jung are different from Freud in that they
    a) place greater emphasis on sex and aggression.
    b) place lesser emphasis on sex and aggression.
    c) place greater emphasis on psychotherapy.
    d) place lesser emphasis on psychotherapy.
A
  1. Alfred Adler and Carl Jung are different from Freud in that they
    a) place greater emphasis on sex and aggression.

b) place lesser emphasis on sex and aggression.

c) place greater emphasis on psychotherapy.
d) place lesser emphasis on psychotherapy.

PSY2042 (12 decks)

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