Trait theories Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Define
Judging versus perceiving
A
Functions added to Jung’s types by Myers and Briggs; being planful versus more spontaneous
2
Q
Define
Thinking versus feeling
A
The rational functions in Jungian theory
3
Q
Define
Intuition versus sensation
A
The irrational functions in Jungian theory
4
Q
Define
Extraversion versus intraversion
A
Getting energy from social situations versus being alone, in Jungian theory
5
Q
Define
Facets
A
More specific components of the Big Five, subcaregories of Big Five traits
6
Q
Define
Lexical hypothesis
A
That traits important for survival and reproduction became embedded in our language, with the most important traits represented by the largest number of words
7
Q
Define
Hostile attribution bias
A
The tendency to see others as hostile and aggressive
8
Q
Define
Openness to experience
A
Being interested in trying new activities and playing with new ideas, beliefs, and value systems; opposite: being conventional and less comfortable to change
9
Q
Define
Neuroticism
A
Negative emotions such as worry and anger; opposite: calmness and emotional stability
10
Q
Define
Agreeableness
A
Caring for others and getting along with other people; opposite: being argumentative, combative, and self-centered
11
Q
Define
Traits
A
Relatively stable rendencies of individuals
12
Q
Define
Big Five
A
Five comprehensive personality domains; extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience
13
Q
Define
Conscientiousness
A
Organised, ambitious and self-controlled; opposite: being messy, unmotivated, and impulsive
14
Q
Define
Extraversion
A
How outgoing, assertive, and talkative someone is
15
Q
Define
Narcissism
A
The combination of excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others
16
Q
Define
Factor analysis
A
Analysing correlations among items to see which form related clusters
17
Q
Definition
Functions added to Jung’s types by Myers and Briggs; being planful versus more spontaneous
A
Judging versus perceiving
18
Q
Definition
The rational functions in Jungian theory
A
Thinking versus feeling
19
Q
Definition
The irrational functions in Jungian theory
A
Intuition versus sensation
20
Q
Definition
Getting energy from social situations versus being alone, in Jungian theory
A
Extraversion versus intraversion
21
Q
Definition
More specific components of the Big Five, subcaregories of Big Five traits
A
Facets
22
Q
Definition
That traits important for survival and reproduction became embedded in our language, with the most important traits represented by the largest number of words
A
Lexical hypothesis
23
Q
Definition
The tendency to see others as hostile and aggressive
A
Hostile attribution bias
24
Q
Definition
Being interested in trying new activities and playing with new ideas, beliefs, and value systems; opposite: being conventional and less comfortable to change
A
Openness to experience
25
# Definition
Negative emotions such as worry and anger; opposite: calmness and emotional stability
Neuroticism
26
# Definition
Caring for others and getting along with other people; opposite: being argumentative, combative, and self-centered
Agreeableness
27
# Definition
Relatively stable rendencies of individuals
Traits
28
# Definition
Five comprehensive personality domains; extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience
Big Five
29
# Definition
Organised, ambitious and self-controlled; opposite: being messy, unmotivated, and impulsive
Conscientiousness
30
# Definition
How outgoing, assertive, and talkative someone is
Extraversion
31
# Definition
The combination of excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others
Narcissism
32
# Definition
Analysing correlations among items to see which form related clusters
Factor analysis
33
Who was the first to describe that people differ in fundamental ways?
Hippocrates (400BC)
34
Who described the four bodily humours?
Galen (150AD)
35
What were the four bodily humours described by Galen?
Black bile
Yellow bile
Phlegm
Blood
36
What is a trait?
* A trait is the primary unit of personality description
* A relatively enduring characteristic of a person
* Represent a pattern of behavior, thinking or feeling
* Traits are variable between individuals
* Traits are a disposition
* a probabilistic tendency to act a certain way in particular circumstances
37
What does the trait concept describe?
Personality traits refer to consistent patterns in the way individuals behave, feel, and think
38
What are the two connotations of the trait concept?
Consistency (trait describes a regularity in behavior)
Distinctiveness (trait theorists typically concerned with ways in which individuals differ from each other)
39
What Functions are Served By Trait Constructs?
* Summarise a person’s typical behavior and thus describe what a person typically is like
* Provide basic descriptive facts that need to be explained by any theory of personality
* Tries to establish an overall descriptive scheme within which any and all persons can be described
40
What did Gordon Allport (1897-1967) highlight about traits?
Highlighted healthy and organised aspects of human behavior
contrasted with the psychoanalytic emphasis on animalistic and neurotic aspects of behavior
41
What are the three kinds of traits according to Allport?
Cardinal
Central
Secondary disposition
42
What is a cardinal trait?
Cardinal traits express dispositions that are so pervasive that virtually every act is traceable to its influence
43
What is a central trait?
Central traits express dispositions that cover a more limited range of situations
44
What is a secondary disposition?
Secondary dispositions are traits that are the least conspicuous, generalized, and consistent
45
What did Allport believe about the heritability of traits?
Believed that many trait were hereditary, but did no research to substantiate this
46
True or False:
Allport created a detailed trait model
False
He created no model
47
How do we determine the fundamental personality traits that underlie human personality?
Factor analysis
48
How many personality traits were proposed by Raymond Cattell?
16
49
What is a surface trait?
Surface traits represent behavioural tendencies that exist on the surface and can be observed (manifestation of source traits)
50
What is a source trait?
Source traits are the internal psychological structures that are the underlying cause of observed behaviour
51
What are the three categories of traits according to Cattell?
Ability
Temperament
Dynamic
52
What are ability traits?
skills that allow the individual to function effectively (i.e. Intelligence)
53
What are temperament traits?
traits involved in emotional life (i.e. Calm vs emotional)
54
What are dynamic traits?
traits involved WHY a person responds how they do (i.e. Highly motivated)
55
Why did Cattell's theory exert little impact in contemporary personality science?
* His methods were somewhat arbitrary
* He relied on subjective judgement
* There has been difficulty replicating his work
* 16 factors is too much for some
* Many of his factors seem to correlate, indicating even more basic dimensions that underpin personality
56
Who used secondary factor analysis to form their trait theory?
Eysenck
57
What is secondary factor analysis used for?
Secondary factor analysis is used to identify a simple set of factors that are independent (i.e., not correlated with each other)
58
What were the two traits of Eysenck's original theory?
Introversion - extraversion
Neuroticism
59
What third dimension was added to Eysenck's theory to create the three-factor theory?
Psychoticism
60
What are the three-traits of Eysenck's Three-factor model?
**P**sychoticism
**E**xtraversion
**N**euroticism
61
Who proposed the lemon-drop test? What does it suggest?
Eysenck
Introverts and extraverts differ in the amount of saliva they produce in response
62
How do introverts and extroverts differ in the neurophysiological functioning of the brain's cortex?
Introverts experience more cortical arousal from events than do extraverts; intense social stimuli make them overaroused and are therefore more socially inhibited
Extraverts experience less cortical arousal than introverts from a given stimulus; they seek out more intense social experiences
63
According to the PEN theory, what are the characteristics of majority of neurotic patients?
High N
Low E
64
According to the PEN theory, what are the characteristics of majority of criminals and antisocial persons?
High N
High E
High P
65
What are the 5 traits of the Five-factor model of personality?
**O**peness to experience
**C**onscientiousness
**E**xtraversion
**A**greeableness
**N**euroticism
66
What did McCrae and Costa suggest about the biological basis for the five-factor model?
* Factors have a biological basis
* Differences linked to the Big Five are determined by genetic influences on neural structures and brain chemistry
* The five traits are not influenced by the environment; strongest “nature” position possible
67
Are The Big Five Dimensions Universal?
* Methodological issue with cross‐cultural research of the Big Five
* Languages may lack one‐to‐one translations; words that translate the same do not necessarily mean the same
* Could lead researchers to question whether they have found the same factor in two languages
* DeRaad and Peabody (2005) examined trait terms across 11 languages and concluded
* that “the Big Three – Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness – are cross‐lingually recurrent”
* “the full Big Five Model is questionable” (p. 464)
68
Which of the 5 factors of personality are less cross-culturally reliable?
Openness to experience
Neuroticism
69
What does Eysenck's P correspond to in the 5 factor model?
Low Agreeableness and low Conscientiousness
70
What is possibly the 6th factor of personality according to recent research?
Honesty/humility
71
What are the applications of the Big 5 model in the workplace?
Research suggest that the five‐factor model is useful in predicting job performance
Conscientiousness is related to performance across a variety of jobs and tasks
Yet some writers caution that personality traits beyond those in the big Give are important to predictions of workplace performance
Others find weak results
72
What are the applications of the Big 5 model in health?
* More conscientious persons may live longer
* Adults who were conscientious as children lived longer and were about 30% less likely to die in any given year, even when ruling out environmental variables
* What explains the relationship?
* Conscientious individuals took fewer risks and were less likely to smoke and drink heavily
73
What are the applications of the Big 5 model in clincial diagnosis and treatment?
* Compulsive personality might be seen as someone extremely high on C and N
* Antisocial personality might be seen as someone low on A and C
* Maybe the five‐factor framework can be a useful tool for clinical diagnosis
74
1. According to Gordon W. Allport, which of the following represent the least conspicuous and generalised dispositions?
a) cardinal traits.
b) secondary traits.
c) primary dispositions.
d) central traits.
1. According to Gordon W. Allport, which of the following represent the least conspicuous and generalised dispositions?
a) cardinal traits.
**b) secondary traits.**
c) primary dispositions.
d) central traits.
75
2. Gordon W. Allport's ordering of traits from most to least generalised and consistent is
a) cardinal, central, secondary.
b) secondary, central, cardinal.
c) central, secondary, cardinal.
d) central, cardinal, secondary.
2. Gordon W. Allport's ordering of traits from most to least generalised and consistent is
**a) cardinal, central, secondary.**
b) secondary, central, cardinal.
c) central, secondary, cardinal.
d) central, cardinal, secondary.
76
3. According to Gordon W. Allport, a trait could be defined in terms of
a) frequency.
b) intensity.
c) range of situations.
d) all of the above.
3. According to Gordon W. Allport, a trait could be defined in terms of
a) frequency.
b) intensity.
c) range of situations.
**d) all of the above.**
77
4. According to Gordon W. Allport, a trait
a) expresses itself in all situations.
b) is discounted by evidence of inconsistency.
c) can be determined by factor analysis.
d) is expressed over a range of situations.
4. According to Gordon W. Allport, a trait
a) expresses itself in all situations.
b) is discounted by evidence of inconsistency.
c) can be determined by factor analysis.
**d) is expressed over a range of situations.**
78
5. According to Gordon W. Allport, to account for behaviour one has to consider
a) traits.
b) situation characteristics.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).
5. According to Gordon W. Allport, to account for behaviour one has to consider
a) traits.
b) situation characteristics.
**c) both (a) and (b).**
d) neither (a) nor (b).
79
6. Traits are similar to
a) states.
b) activities.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).
6. Traits are similar to
a) states.
b) activities.
c) both (a) and (b).
**d) neither (a) nor (b).**
80
7. Behaviours that appear to be similar but do not actually vary together are known as
a) surface traits.
b) source traits.
c) temperament traits.
d) factors.
7. Behaviours that appear to be similar but do not actually vary together are known as
**a) surface traits.**
b) source traits.
c) temperament traits.
d) factors.
81
8. According to factor analysis
a) traits and types exist.
b) single item responses form the best level of analysis.
c) things that vary together are related.
d) all of the above.
8. According to factor analysis
a) traits and types exist.
b) single item responses form the best level of analysis.
**c) things that vary together are related.**
d) all of the above.
82
9. For Hans J. Eysenck, the concept of superfactor
a) allows one to say that people are one type or another.
b) refers to basic dimensions.
c) allows one to avoid dealing with dimensions.
d) is the basis for using factor analysis.
9. For Hans J. Eysenck, the concept of superfactor
a) allows one to say that people are one type or another.
**b) refers to basic dimensions.**
c) allows one to avoid dealing with dimensions.
d) is the basis for using factor analysis.
83
10. Which is not a dimension of Hans J. Eysenck's theory?
a) introversion-extraversion.
b) neuroticism.
c) narcissism.
d) psychoticism.
10. Which is not a dimension of Hans J. Eysenck's theory?
a) introversion-extraversion.
b) neuroticism.
**c) narcissism.**
d) psychoticism.
84
11. According to Hans J. Eysenck, extraversion is defined by
a) sociability.
b) sensation-seeking.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).
11. According to Hans J. Eysenck, extraversion is defined by
a) sociability.
b) sensation-seeking.
**c) both (a) and (b).**
d) neither (a) nor (b).
85
12. According to Hans J. Eysenck
a) genetic factors play a major role in personality.
b) environmental factors play a major role in personality.
c) the basis for individual differences is unknown.
d) the future of psychology lies in clinical work.
12. According to Hans J. Eysenck
**a) genetic factors play a major role in personality.**
b) environmental factors play a major role in personality.
c) the basis for individual differences is unknown.
d) the future of psychology lies in clinical work.
86
13. Which of the following is not a characteristic of extraverts?
a) excitement enhances performance.
b) energetic.
c) carelessness.
d) sensitivity to pain.
13. Which of the following is not a characteristic of extraverts?
a) excitement enhances performance.
b) energetic.
c) carelessness.
**d) sensitivity to pain.**
87
14. Which of the following statements is false?
a) Extraverts are more sexually active than introverts.
b) Introverts do better in school than extraverts.
c) Introverts tend to be more suggestible than extraverts.
d) Extraverts enjoy aggressive humour more than introverts.
14. Which of the following statements is false?
a) Extraverts are more sexually active than introverts.
b) Introverts do better in school than extraverts.
**c) Introverts tend to be more suggestible than extraverts.**
d) Extraverts enjoy aggressive humour more than introverts.
88
15. Raymond B. Cattell's theory asserts that ________ traits are the building blocks of personality.
a) surface
b) ability
c) source
d) dynamic
15. Raymond B. Cattell's theory asserts that ________ traits are the building blocks of personality.
a) surface
b) ability
**c) source**
d) dynamic
89
16. People high on Hans J. Eysenck's psychoticism factor tend to be
a) cold.
b) antisocial.
c) both a and b.
d) neither a nor b.
16. People high on Hans J. Eysenck's psychoticism factor tend to be
a) cold.
b) antisocial.
**c) both a and b.**
d) neither a nor b.
90
17. Which of the following is not one of the Big 5?
a) conscientiousness.
b) honesty.
c) neuroticism.
d) agreeableness.
17. Which of the following is not one of the Big 5?
a) conscientiousness.
**b) honesty.**
c) neuroticism.
d) agreeableness.
91
18. Which of the following is not a pair?
a) Eysenck and EPI, EPQ.
b) Cattell and 16PF.
c) Five-factor model and NEO-PI.
d) All of the above are pairs.
18. Which of the following is not a pair?
a) Eysenck and EPI, EPQ.
b) Cattell and 16PF.
c) Five-factor model and NEO-PI.
**d) All of the above are pairs.**
92
19. The NEO-PI is a
a) projective test.
b) questionnaire.
c) disguised test.
d) instructional test.
19. The NEO-PI is a
a) projective test.
**b) questionnaire.**
c) disguised test.
d) instructional test.
93
20. A problem with cross-cultural research on the Big Five is
a) translations across languages.
b) nationalism.
c) obtaining subjects.
d) all of the above.
20. A problem with cross-cultural research on the Big Five is
**a) translations across languages.**
b) nationalism.
c) obtaining subjects.
d) all of the above.
94
21. According to the Five-Factor Model, personality disorders are best understood as
a) stereotypes.
b) distinct categories.
c) extremes of traits.
d) all of the above.
21. According to the Five-Factor Model, personality disorders are best understood as
a) stereotypes.
b) distinct categories.
**c) extremes of traits.**
d) all of the above.
95
22. Concerning the number of basic trait factors
a) five is just about right.
b) some theorists suggest more and some suggest fewer.
c) ultimately factor analysis will tell us exactly how many is best.
d) it all depends on the subject being studied.
22. Concerning the number of basic trait factors
a) five is just about right.
**b) some theorists suggest more and some suggest fewer.**
c) ultimately factor analysis will tell us exactly how many is best.
d) it all depends on the subject being studied.
