hazards Flashcards by Jasmine Singh

what is a hazard?

an event which causes loss of life or damage to property

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what is an event?

an event which doesn’t afect people/property

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what are the hazards of earthquakes?

earthquake
-tsunami
-landslide
-dam crumbles = flooding

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what are impacts of earthquakes?

-buiding colapses
-gas and water pipes burst
transport desctruction

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what are the impacts of draught?

crops struggle to grow in harsh climate
-loss of animal life

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what are the impacts of tsunamis?

transport destroyed
-water pollution
-electricty issues
-loss of life

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what are the impacts of volcanos eruptions?

loss of life
-introduces tourism
-ash scattered everywhere
-air travel shut down
-fertilses soil
-short term climate change(temp drops)

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impact of a tropical storm?

-winds/dust
-flying objects
-florida = bring alligators
-intemse rainfall

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give 4 examples of primary effects of earthquake:

-buildings and road destroyed
-people KILLED/INJURED
-crops & water supplies damaged
-electricity damaged

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give 4 examples of secondary effects of an earthquake:

-initial hazards can trigger secondary hazards e.g earthquake trigger tsunamis
-food shortage
-shortage of clean water
-countrys econmy weakened

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why do people live in hazardous areas?

fertile land for crops
good climate
don’t acc know they are in hazardous areas
geo - thermal energy

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what is a primary affect?

impact of a hazard that occurs as adirect consequence of the hazard

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what is a secondary affect?

hazards that reult from the intial event but occur later on

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give 5 things which would increase hazards risk:

densly populated
building on land exposed to hazards
poor infastructure
climate change
urbanization

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what are the 2 types of the earths crusts?

oceanic & continental

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give characterstics for the oceanic crust:

younger
denser
5-10km thick
constantly being destroyed and rebuilt
usualy under water

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give characteristics for the continental crust:

lighter
older
permenant
mostly on land
35-75 km thick

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what are the 4 layers of the earth?

inner core
outer core
mantel
crust

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give characteristics of the innner core:

solid
iron
5500 degrees

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give characteristics of the outer core:

liquid
iron & nickle
5000 degrees
magnetic field

give characteristics of the mantle:

wide
goes from cold and thick to hot and runny
1300-5000 degrees

give characteristics of the crust?

thin
6-70 km thick
forms 7 continental plates

what is plate movement caused by?

convection current

how does convection current cause plates to move?

magma near the core gets heated & rises
magma reaches the crust , spreads sideways and cools
= the force from the magma spreading cuases the crust to move
magma sinks and process repeats

what 3 bits evidence prove WEGENER'S theory of continental drifts?

- FOSSILS tysrosaurus found in antartica (impossible=land mammal that cant swim) - PATTERN OF ROCKS ( east canada and west scotland have the same type of rock) - SHAPE OF CONTINENTS 'jigsaw like'

name the 4 type of plate boundarys:

- collision - constructive - conservative - destructive

explain what happens at the conservative plate boundary?

-2 plates move sideways past each other in different directions/ different speeds

explain what happens at the collision plate boundary? give an e.g

2 CONTINENTAL plates collide creating fold mountains e.g HIMALAYAS/MOUNT EVERAST

explain what happens at the desrucitve plate boundary?

OCEANIC+CONTINENTAL plates move TOWARDS each other - denser oceanic plate is subducted(goes under)

explain what happens at the constructive plate boundary?

2 OCEANIC plates moving AWAY from each other & magma then rises through the gap created(magma the cools ands forms new crust/fold montians)

explain what forms at the conservative plate boundary? E.G

EARTHQUAKES - NOO volcanos e.g SAN ANDREAS FAULT

explain what forms at the constructive plate boundary? give an e.g

- shield volcanos (gentle) + gentle earthquakes e.g MIDATLANTIC RIDGE

explain what forms at the destructive plate boundary? give an e.g

- tsunamis - VIOLENT COMPOSITE VOLCANOS - violent earthquakes - oceanic trench e.g JAPAN

what are the 3 plate movement methods?

- slab pull - ridge push - convection current

what's the slap pull? [destructive plate boundary]

- densists part of the plate = pulls on plate boundary + gravity = speeads up oceanic crusts SUBDUCTION

what's the ridge push? [constructive plate boundary]

- due to the convection current + weight of oceanic crust (it collapses) = forces cruse to move away from plate boundary - mantle rises in gap & cools = forms new ridge/new oceanic crust

where and when was the HIC earthquake? what maginitude & what boundary?

Chile 2010 - 8.8 maginitude - destructive plate boundary

name the 3 facts about chile 2019 eathquake:

- epicentre was offshore & focus was quite deep - 500 deaths - $30 billion = EC cost

where and when was the LIC earthquake? what magnitude & what boundary?

NEPAL 2015 - 7.9 - COLLISION plate boundary

name 3 key facts about the NEPAL earhtquake:

- focus was ONLY 8KM deep - 9000 deaths - $5 billion EC costs

give 3 primary affects of nepal and chile

NEPAL: - 19,000 injured - 3million made homeless - 7000 schools destroyed CHILE: - 12,000 injured - 220, 000 homes destryoed - 4500 schools destroyed

give secondary affects of Nepal & Chile?

NEPAL : - avalanche & landslides on mount everest - 19 people died - KALI GANDAKI RIVER blocked - income loss CHILE: - tsunami detroyed coastal towns - landslided destroyed 1500km of roads

give primary responeses for the CHILE AND NEPLA earthquakes

NEPAL: - India & china = gave $1 billion of international aid - temporary housing was provided 'tent city'[500,000 tents] - field hospitals were set up - 3 helicopters CHILE: - within 24 hr route 5 was repaired allowing aid to be transported - 30,00 emergency shelters - within 10 days 90% of water and electricity restored -

give secondary responeses for the CHILE AND NEPLA earthquakes

NEPAL: - over 7000 schools rebuilt - repairs made to everest base camp - stricter building codes made - UK donated £73 million in aid CHILE: - goverment launched a housing reconstuction plan to help 200,000 families

what are the 3 P'S and the m

- prediction - protection - planning - monitoring

how can you monitor earthquakes and volcanos?

EARHTQUAKES: seismometers monitor the earths movement VOLCANO: - ground deformation - radon & sulfur dioxide gas

how can you predict earthquakes and volcanos?

EARTHQUAKES - hard to predict - animals behavovior chnages/migrate - earthquake chains on fault line - tiltmeter can check rock movement VOLCANO - radon gas, sulfur dioxide -water levels rise -

how can you plan for earthquakes and volcanos?

- plan evacuation routes - emergency supplies - educate people on these hazards - identify and avoid high risk areas for building on - infastructure of buildings

how can you protect earthquakes and volcanos?

EARTHQUAKE - rolling roof weights, counteract motion - reinforced concrete = absorbs shock - LIC = lightweight thatched roof VOLCANO - build embankments to divert lava flow