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NREMT® Paramedic > EMT-P (3) Trauma > Head and Spine Trauma > Flashcards

Head and Spine Trauma Flashcards

Learn the different interventions and causes of Head and Spine trauma

1
Q

Name

Layers of Scalp

A
  • Hair and Skin
  • Subcutaneous tissue
  • Galea Aponeurotica
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Periosteum: covers surface of bone
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2
Q

What is

Foramen Magnum

A

Large opening at the base of the skull where the brain connects to the spinal cord

Location where the brain can herniate

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3
Q

What is the purpose of Sutures on the skull?

A

Connects the different sections of bones on the skull

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4
Q

What is the purpose of Fontanelles?

A

Link the sutures together

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5
Q

Crista Galli

A

Prominent bony ridge in the center of the anterior fossa and is the point of attachment for meninges.

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6
Q

What is the Cribriform Plate?

A

A passage for Olfactory Nerve filaments from the nasal cavity

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7
Q

What is

Function of the Olfactory Nerves

A

Smell

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8
Q

Name the major regions of the brain

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Diencephelon
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebrum
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9
Q

Describe

Function of the Frontal Lobe

A

Voluntary motor actions and emotion

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10
Q

Describe

Function of the Parietal Lobe

A
  • Voluntary sensory and motor functions
  • Memory and Emotions
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11
Q

Describe

Function of the Occipital Lobe

A

Vision

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12
Q

Describe

Function of the Temporal Lobe

A

Speech

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13
Q

Describe

Function of the Limbic System

A
  • Motivation
  • Emotions
  • Mood
  • Sensations of pain and pleasure
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14
Q

What are

Meninges

A

Protective layer that surrounds the brain and spinal cords

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15
Q

In order from top to bottom, list the layers of Meninges

A
  • Dura
  • Arachnoid
  • Pai

Remember using acronym “DAP”

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16
Q

____ is manufactured in the ventricles of the brain

A

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

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17
Q

Describe

Function of Subarachnoid Space

A

Space where CSF flows

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18
Q

List

Components of Vertebrae

A
  • Spinous Process
  • Pericles
  • Lamina
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19
Q

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are there

A

31

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20
Q

Describe

Function of Facial and Trigeminal Nerve

A

Facial feeling and function

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21
Q

List

MOI criteria that suggest possible Spinal Injury

A
  • Greater than 40mph crash
  • Unrestrained occupant
  • 12 inch intrusion to vehicle
  • Fall from three times height
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22
Q

Describe

Coup Contra Coup

A
  • Brain hits front of head
  • Brain hits back of the head
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23
Q

Fill in the Blank

You need at least ____mmHg of Cerebral Perfusion Pressure to perfuse the brain

A

60

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24
Q

Treatment

Hypotension with Head Injury

A

20ml/kg

Sustain BP >110-120SBP

25
Q

Fill in the Blank

Injury to ____ to ___ may stop breathing because it is innervated by the phrenic nerve

Hint: What Cervical Vertebrae

A

C3, C5

26
Q

Consider RSI in a Head Injury if GCS is < ___

A

8

27
Q

Treatment

RSI with ICP

A
  • Preoxygenate
  • Lidocaine bolus 1 - 1.5mg/kg bolus
  • 2 man intubation to stabilize the head
28
Q

Describe

The 3 ICP Grades

A
  • Mild: pupils reactive, increased BP, Cheyenne stokes respirations, headache, vomiting
  • Moderate: widened pulse pressure, pupils sluggish, bradycardia, Kussmaul respirations, Decerebrate Posturing
  • Severe: irregular bradycardic pulse, widened BP, Biot respirations, blown pupils unilaterally, Decorticate Posturing
29
Q

Define

Babinski Reflex

A

Toes move upward in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot

Normal circumstances, toes move downward

30
Q

Indication

Basilar Skull Fracture

A
  • CSF drainage
  • Raccoon eyes
  • Battle signs

May show up 24 hours after injury

31
Q

List

Primary and Secondary injuries of a TBI

A
  • Primary: injury from impact
  • Secondary: edema, ICP, cerebral ischemia after the injury
32
Q

What is

Normal ICP

A

0-15mmHg

33
Q

Describe

Brain Herniation

A

Brain is forced through the foramen magnum

34
Q

What is

Cushing’s Triad

A
  • Hypertension (widening pulse pressures)
  • Bradycardia
  • Irregular Respirations
35
Q

What is a Diffuse Brain Injury?

A

Injury that affects entire brain

36
Q

What causes a Cerebral Concussion?

A

When the brain is jarred in the cranial vault

37
Q

What is

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory BEFORE injury

38
Q

What is

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory AFTER injury

39
Q

Define

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

A

Stretching, shearing, or tearing of nerve fibers

Caused from high-speed collision forces

40
Q

Signs/Symptoms

Epidural Hematoma

A
  • LOC, wakes up, passes back out
41
Q

Signs/Symptoms

Subdural Hematoma

A
  • Slurred speech
  • Unilateral Hemiparesis

Venous bleed that takes longer to show signs/symptoms

42
Q

Signs/Symptoms

Subarachnoid Hematoma

A
  • SUDDEN severe headache
  • Posturing
  • Vomiting
  • Decrease LOC
  • Seizures
43
Q

Treatment

Exposed Brain Tissue

A

Cover with moist, sterile dressings

44
Q

What are

Complications of Scalp Lacerations

A

Serious blood loss

45
Q

Cause of

Flexion Injuries

A

Forward movement of neck

46
Q

Define

Subluxation

A

Partial dislocation of the Spinal Column

47
Q

Cause of

Vertical Compression

A

Forces transmitted through the spine from feet or head

48
Q

Cause of

Hyperextension

A

Head and neck extend backwards

49
Q

Describe the Primary and Secondary injuries of a Spinal Cord Injury

A
  • Primary: Injury at Impact
  • Secondary: Edema after Impact
50
Q

Describe signs/symptoms of Anterior Cord Syndrome

A

Decreased MOVEMENT

&

Loss of sensation to touch, temperature, and pain

51
Q

Describe signs/symptoms of Central Cord Syndrome

A

Decreased SENSATION

&

Loss of sensation/pain/temperature

52
Q

Describe signs/symptoms of Posterior Cord Syndrome

A

Loss of sensation to light, vibration, and perception of one’s body

53
Q

What is

Cauda Equina Syndrome

A

Compression of distal nerve roots

“Horse’s Tail”

54
Q

What is

Brown-Séquard Syndrome

A

Damage to hemisection of cord causing symptoms on one half of the lateral body

55
Q

Describe

Rapid Extrication and C-Spine

A

Hold C-spine and extract in one full motion quickly

56
Q

When do you remove a helmet with suspected spinal injury?

A
  • Remove if chin strap and helmet fail to hold head in line
  • Prevents immobilization for transport
  • Prevents adequate airway control
57
Q

How do you treat C-Spine in the water?

A

Completely board and strap patient in water before moving to land.

58
Q

Define

Diffuse Axonal Injury

A

Stretching of brain tissue from twisting motion at brainstem

causes compression and tension of stem when twisting

59
Q

Formula

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

A

MAP - ICP

EMT-P (3) Trauma (10 decks)

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