head: cranium, scalp, face Flashcards
1
Q
what are the “floor” and “roof” of the cranium called?
A
floor: base
roof: calvarium
2
Q
what are the 8 bones that make up the neurocranium? which two are paired?
A
Frontal Parietal (2) Temporal (2) Occipital Ethmoid (superior portion) Sphenoid
3
Q
Neurocranium-encloses what 5 things?
A
brain cranial meninges proximal cranial nerves inner ear brain vasculature
4
Q
viscerocranium- encloses what 3 things?
A
encloses mouth, nose/nasal cavity, & most of orbits
5
Q
the cranium is divided into what two groups?
A
neurocranium + viscerocranium
above + below eye-level
6
Q
what are the 15 bones that make up the viscero-cranium? which are paired?
A
Nasal (2) Lacrimal (2) Inferior nasal conchae (2) Palatine (2) Maxillary (2) Zygomatic (2) Ethmoid (inferior portion) Vomer Mandible
7
Q
two parts of the frontal bone
A
- squamous (vertical) portion
2. orbital (horizontal) portion
8
Q
squamous (vertical) frontal bone: two parts
A
- Nasion-intersection of frontal & nasal bones
2. Supra-orbital foramen: Supra-orbital artery & nerve
9
Q
orbital (horizontal) frontal bone: makes up what two “architectural” structures ?
A
Roof of orbit
floor of anterior cranial fossa
10
Q
what 2 parts of the cranium do the zygomatic bones make up? what is the hole do they have?
A
Anterolateral wall & floor of orbit
Zygomaticofacial foramen
11
Q
what 4 structures make up the piriformis aperature (nose hole) ?
A
Nasal opening
Nasal & maxillary bones
Nasal septum
Nasal conchae (3)
12
Q
what two bones form the nasal septum?
A
ethmoid + vomer
13
Q
how many nasal conchae are there? which way do they project?
A
3 - (per side)- project medially.
Superior- ethmoid
middle-ethmoid
Inferior
14
Q
which two nasal conchae are projections of the ethmoid bone?
A
superior and middle
15
Q
maxillary bone: ______ _______ bear maxillary teeth
A
Alveolar processes bear maxillary teeth
16
Q
the maxillary bone froms what two “architechtural” structures? what is the hole in it?
A
Anteromedial wall & floor of orbit
- infraorbital foramen
17
Q
what structures pass through the infra-orbital foramen?
A
infra-orbital artery and nerve
18
Q
3 parts of the FRONTAL mandible bone
A
- Alveolar process bears mandibular teeth
- Horizontal body
- vertical ramus
19
Q
what is the hole in the mandible bone? what structures pass through here?
A
mental foramen - mental artery and nerve
20
Q
anterior cranium includes what bones?
A
- frontal bone
- zygomatic bones
- piriform aperature
- maxillary bones
- mandible
21
Q
lateral cranium includes what bones? (9)
A
- temporal fossa + infratemporal fossa
- zygomatic arch
- pterion
- pterygopalatine fossa
- external acoustic meatus
- mastoid + styloid processes
- mandible
22
Q
what 5 bones make up the temporal fossa?
A
Frontal, zygomatic, sphenoid, temporal, parietal bones
between superior + inferior temporal lines
23
Q
what are the two processes of the zygomatic arch?
A
- Temporal process of zygomatic bone
2. Zygomatic process of temporal bone
24
Q
what 4 bones make up the pterion?
A
Frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid bones
25
what part of the lateral cranium is known as the "weak spot"?
pterion
26
the pterion "weak spot" is known in association with which artery?
Anterior division of middle meningeal artery
27
compare the mastoid vs styloid process in appearance
Mastoid process-blunt, superficial
| Styloid process-deep, sharp
28
infratemporal fossa is located where?
Deep to zygomatic arch & ramus of mandible
| * Many contents
29
pterygopalatine fossa is located where? what is its function?
Medial to infratemporal fossa
| Distribution center
30
the LATERAL mandible has what three structures?
Condyle process
coronoid process
Notch
31
what is the large vertical part of the occipital bone called?
Squamous
32
what is the external occipital protuberance called?
inion
33
the inion (external occipital protuberance) has what two sets of lines?
Superior nuchal lines extend laterally
External occipital crest extends inferiorly
(form a "T" together)
(*inferior nuchal line below forms a "I")
34
what is "lambda"?
posterior cranium feature-junction of sagittal & lambdoid sutures
35
what three sutures are in the superior cranium?
Coronal, sagittal, & lambdoid sutures
36
what is "bregma"?
junction of coronal & sagittal sutures
37
what is the "vertex" of the superior cranium?
most superior portion of calvarium
38
what is included in the EXTERNAL cranial base? (6)
- hard palate
- choanae
- sphenoid bone
- squamous portion of temporal bone
- petrous portion of temporal bone
- occipital bone
39
what bones make up the hard palate?
Palatine processes of maxillary bones
| Palatine bones
40
what foramen are in the hard palate? what structures pass through them?
Incisive foramen: Nasopalatine nerves
| Greater/lesser palatine foramina: Greater/lesser palatine arteries/nerves
41
what is the Choanae?
Openings of nasal cavity into nasopharynx
| Separated by vomer
42
what makes up the sphenoid bone (of external base)?
Inferior surface of greater wings
| Lateral & medial pterygoid plates
43
on what bone is the Groove for pharyngotympanic (Eustachian) tube?
on the sphenoid bone
44
what two features are on the squamous portion of the temporal bone?
Mandibular fossa-(groove for mandibular condyles)
45
what 4 features are on the petrous portion of the temporal bone?
Carotid canal
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Stylomastoid foramen
46
what goes through the carotid canal?
internal carotid
47
what goes through the stylomastoid foramen?
CN VII + stylomastoid artery
48
what are the 3 features of the occipital bone (external base) ?
- occipital condyles
- foramen magnum
- jugular foramen
49
what 4 things pass through the foramen magnum?
Spinal cord, meninges, vertebral arteries, CN XI
50
what structures pass through the jugular foramen?
Internal jugular
| CN IX-XI
51
what three fossas make up the internal cranial base? which is the largest?
anterior, middle, posterior
| -posterior is largest
52
what 3 bones is the anterior cranial fossa composed of?
Frontal, ethmoid, & lesser wing of sphenoid
| - and crista galli
53
what is the crista galli ?
superior projection of ethmoid (center of anterior cranial fossa, over cribiform plate)
- Anterior attachment for falx cerebri (dural fold)
- Cribriform plates transmit CN I
54
cribiform plates transmit what cranial nerve (near the crista galli)?
CN 1
55
what is the anterior attachment for falx cerebri (dural fold)?
crista galli (on the anterior cranial fossa)
56
what is the fxn of the anterior cranial fossa?
supports frontal lobes
57
what bones make up the middle cranial fossa?
Body & greater wings of sphenoid, temporal bones
58
what is the fxn of the middle cranial fossa?
Supports temporal lobes & diencephalon
59
what is the middle cranial fossa divided into?
lateral and central portions
60
what is in the lateral portion of the middle cranial fossa? how many structures run through each of these?
superior orbital fissure- 4
foramen rotundum -1
foramen ovale -1
foramen spinosum -2
61
what is the "crescent of foramina" ?
another name for lateral portion of middle cranial fossa
62
the lateral portion of the middle cranial fossa has __ fissure(s) and __ foramen(s)
1- fissure
| 3 -foramen
63
what structures run through each part of the lateral portion (mid cranial fossa) ? {sup. orbital fissure}
```
Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
CN III, IV, & VI to orbit
```
64
what structures run the foramen rotundum?
Maxillary nerve (CN V2) to pterygopalatine fossa
65
what structures run through the foramen ovale?
Mandibular nerve (CN V3) to infratemporal fossa
66
what structures run through the foramen spinosum ?
Middle meningeal artery
| meningeal nerve from infratemporal fossa
67
what is the "sella turcica"?
central portion of the middle cranial fossa
68
what is included in the sella turcica (central portion of mid cranial fossa)?
- optical canals
- clinoid processes
- tuberculum sellae (between anterior clinoids)
- dorsum sellae (between posterior clinoids)
- carotid grooves laterally
69
what does doc describe as the "bed" and the "bedframe"
bed- hypophysial fossa
| bedframe- sella turcica (central portion of mid cranial fossa)
70
what structures pass through the optical canals?
CN 2 + retinal artery to orbit
71
what make up the "bedposts" ?
Clinoid processes (anterior/posterior)
72
what makes up the "headboard" ?
Tuberculum sellae between anterior clinoids
73
what makes up the "footboard" ?
Dorsum sellae between posterior clinoids
74
what make up the "sideboards"?
Carotid grooves laterally
75
where is the pituitary gland found?
near hypophaseal groove of sella turcica
76
Sella Turcica: _____ _________ & ______ ______ surround prechiasmatic sulcus
Limbus of sphenoid & tuberculum sellae surround prechiasmatic sulcus
77
what bones make up the posterior cranial fossa? what is it's function?
Temporal & occipital bones
| -Supports cerebellum, pons, & medulla oblongata
78
what are the four structural features of the posterior cranial fossa ?
1. Clivus: Anterior sloping portion of occipital bone
2. Internal occipital crest: Posterior attachment for falx cerebri (dural fold)
3. Groove for transverse sinus
4. groove for sigmoid sinuses
79
what are the 4 holes of the posterior cranial fossa?
- internal acoustic meatus
- jugular foramen
- hypoglossal canal
- foramen magnum
80
what runs through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN 7 + CN 8
81
what runs through the jugular foramen?
- Internal jugular vein
- CN 9-11
* and termination of sigmoid sinus)
82
where is the termination of the sigmoid sinus located?
jugular foramen
83
what runs through the hypoglossal canal
CN 12
84
what runs through the foramen magnum?
Spinal cord, meninges, vertebral arteries, CN XI
85
where does the scalp extend?
Superior orbital margin to superior nuchal line, zygomatic arch to zygomatic arch
86
what is the aponeurosis between the frontalis and occipitalis muscles called?
Aponeurosis (epicranial aponeurosis)-“galea aponeurotica”
87
what do the occipito frontalis and tempororparietalis muscles do? what are they innervated by?
Occiptofrontalis-pulls scalp anteriorly/posteriorly, wrinkles forehead
Temporoparietalis-pulls scalp laterally, elevates auricle Innervated by facial nerve (CN VII)
88
all muscles of facial expression lie in what plain? what are they all innervated by?
Lie in superficial fascia (subcutaneous layer)
| All innervated by facial nerve (CN VII)
89
what do the orbicularis oculi two portions do?
outer (orbital portion)-closes eyelids tightly
inner (palpebral portion)-closes eyelids gently
*(pull lateral to medial)
90
what is the "sphincter of the mouth" ?
Orbicularis oris
91
where is the buccinator muscle? what does it do?
Deeper plane than orbicularis oris
| A: Cheeks taut during mastication/blow/suck
