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Anatomy > neck: prevertebral muscles & viscera > Flashcards

neck: prevertebral muscles & viscera Flashcards

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1
Q

what groups are the prevertebral muscles divided into?

A

anterior and lateral

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2
Q

prevertebral muscles:
deep to ______ _______ of deep cervical fascia.
posterior to __________
anterolateral to _______ _______

A

Deep to prevertebral sheath of deep cervical fascia

Posterior to cervical viscera & anterolateral to cervical vertebrae

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3
Q

prevertebral muscles are deep to what?

viscera of the neck is deep to what?

A

prevertebral muscles: Deep to prevertebral sheath of deep cervical fascia
viscera: deep to pretracheal sheath of deep cervical fascia

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4
Q

what are the 3 layers of the viscera in the neck?

A

named Superficial to deep…

  1. Endocrine
  2. Respiratory
  3. Alimentary
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5
Q

what two things are in the endocrine viscera?

A

thyroid and parathyroid

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6
Q

what two things are in the respiratory viscera?

A

larynx and trachea

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7
Q

what two things are in the alimentary viscera?

A

pharynx and esophagus

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8
Q

prevertebral muscles: anterior group
Medial to plane of _________ & _______
Posterior to ________ _____

A

Medial to plane of cervical/brachial plexus & subclavian artery
Posterior to retropharyngeal space

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9
Q

prevertebral muscles: anterior group- what is there general function?

A

flex head and/or neck

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10
Q

prevertebral muscles: what are the 4 in the “anterior” group? which is the most important?

A

Longus colli muscle
Longus capitis muscle
Rectus capitis-anterior muscle
*Anterior scalene muscle - most important of the group

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11
Q

prevertebral muscles: lateral group
posterior to plane of _________ & ____________
form floor of what triangle?

A

Posterior to plane of cervical/brachial plexus & subclavian artery
Form floor of posterior triangle

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12
Q

prevertebral muscles: lateral group- what is their general fxn?

A

laterally flex neck

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13
Q

what 5 muscles make up the “lateral” prevertebral group

A 
Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Rectus capitis-lateralis
*Posterior scalene
*Middle scalene
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14
Q

which two lateral prevertebral muscles are often fused together?

A

posterior and middle scalene

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15
Q

what are the boundaries of the “scalene triangle” ?

A

Bounded by anterior/middle scalenes & 1st rib

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16
Q

what runs through the scalene triangle?

A

C5-T1 ventral rami: “Roots” of brachial plexus
3rd part of subclavian artery
Phrenic nerve (at apex & crosses anterior scalene)

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17
Q

what is the thyroid gland fxn ? what cells does it target?

A

Largest purely endocrine gland
Controls metabolic rate & calcium metabolism (vestigial)
Targets all cells except itself, spleen, testes, & ovaries

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18
Q

thyroid: deep to what 2 things? superficial to what 2 things?

A

Deep to sternothyroid & sternohyoid (infrahyoid muscles)
Superficial to cricoid & upper tracheal rings

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19
Q

R & L lobes of thyroid united by isthmus anterior to _____ tracheal rings

A

2nd/3rd tracheal rings

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20
Q

____% of people have midline pyramidal lobe - remnant of what?

A

40%

- remnant of descent of thyroid from tongue

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21
Q

superior thyroid artery: it is the __ branch of what artery? what does it run with?

A

1st branch of external carotid

Runs with external branch of superior laryngeal nerve

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22
Q

superior thyroid artery supplies what?

external branch of superior laryngeal nerve supplies what?

A

sup. thyroid artery: anterosuperior thyroid gland

sup. laryngeal nerve: cricothyroid muscle

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23
Q

inferior thyroid artery: branch of what? what does it course posterior to?

A

Inferior thyroid artery-branch of thyrocervical trunk

Courses posterior to carotid sheath

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24
Q

inferior thyroid artery supplies what?

A

posteroinferior thyroid gland

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25
inferior thyroid artery is closely assoc. with what nerve?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
26
what artery do only 10% of people have ( it is variable in origin and supplies isthmus)?
thyroid ima artery
27
when ligating arteries to take out the thyroid: where do you want to ligate superior and inferior?
superior thyroid artery: ligate CLOSE to gland (save external branch of sup. laryngeal nerve) inferior thyroid artery: ligate AWAY from gland (save recurrent laryngeal nerve)
28
why is saving the external branch of sup laryngeal nerve so important?
- only nerve that supplies the cricothyroid muscle, which helps singer's hit high notes.
29
what are the 3 thyroid veins?
superior, middle and inferior
30
thyroid veins: Superior-travel with _________, drain to ____ Middle-parallel _________, drain to ______ Inferior-independent, drain to ________ _____.
Superior-travel with sup. thyroid artery, drain to IJV Middle-parallel inferior thyroid artery, drain to IJV Inferior-independent, drain to brachiocephalic veins
31
how many parathyroid glands do people usually have?
4: 2 superior, 2 inferior
32
what is the fxn of the parathyroid glands?
secrete PTH Control calcium & phosphorus metabolism Targets skeleton, kidneys, & intestine
33
parathyroid glands: located on the medial portion of what?
Medial portion of posterior thyroid lobes
34
where is the general location of the superior vs inferior parathyroid glands? which is more variable in location?
Superior pair usually ~1cm superior to entry of inferior thyroid artery Inferior pair usually ~1cm inferior to entry of inferior thyroid artery --More variable location due to longer descent
35
parathyroid glands are supplied by what artery?
inferior thyroid arteries
36
what does the larynx do?
Directs air to respiratory system, food to digestive system Maintains patent airway Produces sound
37
what are the 9 cartilages of the larynx? which are paired?
``` Thyroid Cricoid Arytenoids (2) Epiglottis Corniculates (2) Cuneiforms (2) ```
38
which is the largest laryngeal cartilage?
thyroid- composed of 2 laminae
39
what makes the adam's apple?
(laryngeal prominence) -anterior fusion of thyroid cartilage
40
posterior laminae of thyroid cartilage have what 2 feature?
superior and inferior horns
41
what does the superior border/horn of thyroid cartilage attach to?
Superior border/horn attach to hyoid via thyrohyoid membrane
42
what does the inferior border/horn of thyroid cartilage attach to?
Inferior border/horn attach to cricoid cartilage via median cricothyroid ligament (membrane)
43
which larynx cartilage is the only one that is a complete ring?
cricoid cartilage
44
what is the shape/thickness of cricoid cartilage?
Taller posteriorly that anteriorly | Thicker/stronger than thyroid
45
inferior border of cricoid cartilage attaches to what?
Inferior border attach to 1st tracheal ring via cricotracheal ligament
46
which larynx cartilage are pyramid shaped?
arytenoids
47
what does the base of the arytenoid cartilage articulate with?
Base articulates with posterior cricoid ring-allows mobility
48
what are the two "processes" of the arytenoid cartilage ? which extends lateral + medial?
muscular- lateral | vocal - medial
49
muscular process of the arytenoid attaches what?
crico-arytenoid muscles
50
what do the vocal processes of arytenoid suspend?
Suspend vocal ligaments between arytenoid & junction of thyroid laminae
51
what does the apex of the arytenoid suspend?
ary-epiglottic ligaments between arytenoid & epiglottis (laryngeal inlet).
52
larynx cartilage: Heart-shaped, forms superior portion of anterior wall & laryngeal inlet
epiglottis
53
the quadrangular membrane of the epiglottis extends from where to where?
Quadrangular membrane extends from lateral margins to arytenoids
54
what are the superior and inferior free edges of epiglottis?
Superior free edge is ary-epiglottic fold (laryngeal inlet) | Inferior free edge is vestibular fold (false vocal cords)
55
Corniculate & cuneiform cartilages are embedded in what ?
posterior portions of ary-epiglottic folds
56
what make up the vocal folds (true vocal cords)?
Lateral cricothyoid ligaments extend laterally from vocal ligament to superior margin of cricoid
57
what makes up the Conus elasticus?
vocal ligament + lateral cricothyroid ligament
58
what is the aperture between the true cords called ?
rima glottidis (glottis)
59
what do variations in the shape of the glottis do?
act as inspiratory sphincter & control sound
60
what are the three laryngeal "spaces" ?
Vestibule- Ventricle- Infraglottic cavity-
61
laryngeal space: vestibule
between laryngeal inlet & vestibular folds (false cords)
62
laryngeal space: ventricle
between vestibular (false cords) & vocal folds (true cords)
63
laryngeal space: infraglottic cavity
between vocal folds (true cords) & inferior border of cricoid
64
what are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx and what do they do?
suprahyoid (and stylopharyngeus) + infrahyoid muscles | -depress and elevate hyoid + larynx
65
what is the most important intrinsic laryngeal muscle? what does it do and what is it's nerve supply?
Tensor (lengthen/tense vocal folds) | -cricothyroid
66
what do the laryngeal intrinsic muscles do? ( in general)
move components of larynx alter length & tension of vocal folds alter size & shape of glottis ***(mostly about moving arytenoid, in order to change glottis shape)
67
what are the 5 functional groups of intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
``` Adductors (close vocal folds) Abductors (open vocal folds) Sphincters (close laryngeal inlet during swallowing) Tensor (lengthen/tense vocal folds) Relaxers (shorten/relax vocal folds) ```
68
what are the adductor muscles?
lateral crico-arytenoid & transverse/oblique arytenoids
69
what are the abductor muscles?
posterior crico-arytenoid
70
what are the sphincter muscles?
lateral crico-arytenoid, transverse/oblique arytenoid, ary-epiglottic (in ary-epiglottic fold)
71
what are the relaxer muscles?
thyro-arytenoid
72
All intrinsic laryngeal muscles except _____ innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve.
cricothyroid
73
what is cricothyroid innervated by?
external laryngeal nerve (branch of sup. laryngeal nerve)
74
what are the two sources of blood for the larynx?
superior laryngeal artery (from sup thyroid) - supply internal surface inferior laryngeal artery (from inf thyroid) - supply inferior larynx
75
sup. laryngeal artery: pierces what structure? (along with what?)
Pierces thyrohyoid membrane with internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
76
inf. laryngeal artery: accompanies what nerve?
Accompanies inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of recurrent laryngeal)
77
what is the arterial supply of the cricothyroid? what nerve does it accompany?
Cricothyroid-branch of superior thyroid | Accompanies external branch of superior laryngeal nerve
78
what are the two nerves of the larynx? what are they branches of?
sup. laryngeal nerve: vagus | inf laryngeal nerve: continuation of recurrent laryngeal
79
where does recurrent laryngeal become inf. laryngeal nerve?
when recurrent laryngeal ascends and enters larynx DEEP to thyroid cartilage
80
what does the inf. laryngeal nerve supply? (motor and sensory)
All intrinsic muscles (except cricothyroid) | Sensation to mucosa below vocal folds
81
what is the fxn of the trachea?
Conduit for air to/from lungs | Moves debris-laden mucus to pharynx
82
what is the structure of the trachea?
Fibrous tube supported by incomplete (posteriorly) cartilaginous rings.
83
what structures surround the trachea? (lateral and posterior)
lateral: Common carotid & thyroid lobes posterior: Esophagus adheres posterior (Recurrent nerves in tracheoesophageal groove)
84
posteiror gaps of the trachea "c" rings are covered by what?
trachealis muscle (smooth)
85
what does the pharynx do?
directs food to esophagus
86
3 parts of the pharynx
Nasopharynx-superior to soft palate/uvula Oropharynx-between uvula & epiglottis Laryngopharynx-epiglottis to inferior cricoid
87
what are the openings of the pharynx?
Two external openings- nose and mouth
88
what are the "abundant lymphoid tissue" masses in the pharynx?
tonsils
89
what is the fxn of the nasopharynx? what 3 structures does it contain?
Respiratory-air conduit, warms, humidifies, purifies - adneoids - eustachian tube openings - tubal tonsil
90
where is the pharyngeal tonsils?
(aka adenoids) in roof & posterior wall of nasopharynx
91
where are the eustachian tubes?
Pharyngeal opening of salpingopharyngeal (Eustachian) tube (in nasopharynx)
92
when are the eustachian tubes open? what muscle does this?
Opened by salpingopharyngeus muscle during swallowing ("popping your ears")
93
where is the tubal tonsil of the nasopharynx?
medial to pharyngeal opening (posterior to eustachian tubes)
94
what is the fxn of the oropharynx?
Digestive-mastication & deglutition
95
what are the two types of tonsils in the oropharynx? where are each located ?
Palatine tonsil in lateral wall: Between palatoglossal & palatopharyngeal arches lingual tonsil in anterior wall: Base of tongue
96
where is the laryngopharynx? and what is it continuous with?
Posterior to larynx | Continuous with esophagus
97
what creates the "piriform recesses" (where food notoriously gets stuck) ?
on lateral aspect of larynx, it invaginates anterior wall- Separated by ary-epigottic folds & epiglottis
98
what nerves are "vulnerable" near the piriform recesses?
Submucosal branches of internal laryngeal nerve & recurrent laryngeal nerves (if you eat something sharp and it pierces the mucosa)
99
are the laryngopharynx muscles voluntary or involuntary?
completely voluntary!
100
what are the 2 layers of the laryngopharynx muscles?
outer inner
101
what 3 things make up the outer layer of the laryngopharynx muscle?
Superior pharyngeal constrictor Middle pharyngeal constrictor Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
102
laryngopharynx outer muscles:Inferior overlaps _____, middle overlaps _____
middle, superiorInferior overlaps middle, middle overlaps superior
103
why do the outer laryngopharynx muscles contract in sequence?
during deglutition (swallowing) to constrict pharynx
104
what makes the upper esophageal sphincter? why is this place significant?
laryngopharynx muscle: Inferior portion of inferior constrictor (cricopharyngeus)- *another place where foreign bodies get stuck (narrowest part of pharynx/esophagus)
105
what are the 3 parts that make up the inner longitudinal layer of the laryngopharynx muscles?
Salpingopharyngeus Palatopharyngeus Stylopharyngeus
106
what is the fxn of the inner longitudinal layer of the laryngopharynx?
Shorten & widen pharynx in swallowing
107
Stylopharyngeus passes through gap between ___________ with what nerve?
Stylopharyngeus passes through gap between superior/middle constrictor with glossopharyngeal nerve
108
laryngopharynx muscles: inner longitudinal layer are all innervated by what?
branches from vagus supply motor to all except stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal)
109
what two nerves contribute fibers to pharyngeal plexus?
Glossopharyngeal (sensory) & vagus (motor)

Anatomy (13 decks)

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