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Health and Disease(paper1) Flashcards

1
Q

What does selective breeding do

A

It chooses a useful characteristic to improve an organism

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2
Q

What are some examples of characteristics for selective breeding

A

Improve yield, flavour, disease resistant

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3
Q

What are the problems with selective breeding

A

Loss of alleles and animal welfare

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4
Q

What does genetic engineering do

A

It changes the DNA of an organism (it’s genome)

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5
Q

What is a pro and con for genetic engineering

A

To fast but expensive

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6
Q

Describe the process of genetic engineering

A

Use restriction enzyme to cut out the desired gene from the human DNA. Use the same enzyme to cut the bacterial DNA plasmid. Use ligase enzyme on the sticky ends to stick the gene into the plasmid. Insert plasmid into bacteria then leave to reproduce

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7
Q

What is golden rice

A

It’s rice with 2 genes inserted into its genome, one from a daffodil and one from a bacterium

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8
Q

What is tissue culture

A

It’s growing cells in a liquid medium containing nutrients

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9
Q

Are the cells grown in tissue culture identical

A

Yes

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10
Q

What is it called when cells clump together during tissue culture

A

Callus

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11
Q

Are they specialised?

A

No but they can be treated to make them differentiate

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12
Q

What are the advantages of tissue culture

A

Be able to study how cells communicate
Can make tissue-engineered synthetic organs
Can study viruses that cannot be replicated outside cells

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13
Q

What is needed to make a transgenic organism

A

A vector

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14
Q

What is an advantage of GM crops?

A

Increased yield as it is harmful to the insects eating it

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of GM crops

A

It kills human kidney cells
Loss of biodiversity
Cruelty on insects

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16
Q

What is biological control

A

An organism used to control pests and/or weeds

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17
Q

Define physical wellbeing

A

Free from disease, eating and sleeping well, limited alcohol/drugs

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18
Q

Define social wellbeing

A

Getting on with others, how surrounding affect you

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19
Q

Define mental wellbeing

A

How you feel about yourself

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20
Q

Define disease

A

A problem with a structure or body process not caused by injury

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21
Q

What are diseases caused by

A

Pathogens

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22
Q

Are diseases communicable

A

Yes, they can be passed along

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23
Q

What does non-communicable mean

A

It’s not carried from an infected person

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24
Q

Define genetic disorder

A

A genetic problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome

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25
Define malnutrition
Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat
26
Name a non communicable disease
Genetic disorders
27
What can too much alcohol do to your liver
It can get cirrhosis
28
What is the BMI equation
BMI= mass over height squared
29
What can substances in tobacco do
Damage blood vessels, increase blood pressure, make blood vessels narrower and increase the risk of blood clots
30
How can CV disease be treated
Exercising and eating healthily and stopping smoking. Medicine can also be given.
31
How can a narrow blood vessel be widened
By inserting a stent to hold it open
32
How are blocked arteries bypassed
By inserting other blood vessels
33
What does cholera cause
Diarrhoea
34
What is tuberculosis caused by
Different bacterium
35
Name some symptoms of TB
Blood specked mucus, fever, weight loss
36
What do cholera and TB have in common
Both communicable
37
What are humans to pathogens
Hosts
38
What is malaria caused by
Pathogens that multiply in red blood cells and liver cells
39
What does malaria cause
Fever, weakness and sickness
40
How do viruses multiply
By infecting cells and taking over cells DNA-copying processes
41
What does HIV attack
White blood cells
42
Where do 50% of people have a hidden bacteria
Stomach, where it can cause either ulcers or nothing
43
How long can flu viruses last in the air for
A day
44
What is good hygiene
Keeping things clean to remove or kill pathogens
45
What is it called when pathogens enter the body through the mouth
The oral route
46
What is oral-faecal transmission
Touching your mouth after going to the toilet
47
What is an epidemic
When many people became infected
48
Why was the Ebola breakout an epidemic
Because it enters the body easily through broken skin or the eyes, moth and nose. And people caught it when burying those who had it
49
What are vectors
Organisms that carry pathogens from one person to the next
50
All viruses contain what
One or more strands of genetic material, surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid
51
What are viruses unable to do
Replicate
52
What is lysis
Complete breakdown of the cell due to the virus
53
Viruses that cause lysis go through what
The lytic pathway
54
The effect of viruses on bacteria can be studied using what
Bacterial lawn plates
55
What are plates made with
Nutrient agar
56
What is the cuticle
The waxy layer covering leaves and stems
57
What does the cuticle act as
A physical barrier
58
Name another outer physical barrier
Bark and thorns
59
If pathogens get through the barrier, what must they do
Penetrate tough cell walls
60
How do the pathogens get through the cell wall
By releasing enzymes that soften cell walls
61
What is another way that the pathogens get into the cells
By infecting weaker parts if the plant like young shoots and parts that aren’t growing as well
62
What are physical barriers not good protection against
Herbivores and pests like aphids and caterpillars
63
What do plants use instead for these animals
Chemical barriers
64
Name some chemical barriers
Poison and insect repellent
65
What is aspirin used to control
Symptoms of pain or fever
66
What acid is in aspirin
Salicylic which is made by willow trees and other plants
67
What is used to sterilise equipment
An autoclave
68
What is the process of keeping everything in a lab sterile called
Aseptic techniques
69
What do farmers use to see if their crops are under stress
Drones
70
Why is identifying the cause of stress on plants essential
So the farmer can treat it to prevent loss of yield
71
Name some visible symptoms of stress in plants
Changes in growth, colour, lesions or blotching of leaves
72
What is distribution analysis
Where damaged plants occur, and their patterns (soil pathogens in small area, flooding large area)
73
What do tests allow
A diagnosis of a problem
74
What does diagnostic testing do
Allows the farmer to have a more clear and certain result of the problems
75
Name the body’s physical barrier
Skin
76
What is lysozyme
An enzyme that is secreted from the skin and breaks down the cell walls of bacteria
77
What is lysozyme a type of
Chemical barrier
78
What do ciliated cells do
Move pathogens and dust away
79
What is secreted in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid that kills pathogens
80
Where is lysozyme found
In all opening in the body
81
How do you identify an STI
Screening
82
What does the body turn to if pathogens get through all barriers
The immune system
83
All cells and virus particles have molecules on the outer surface called what
Antigens
84
What is immunisation
Having immunity to pathogen by vaccination
85
What is herd immunity
When if it is too risky to give a child a vaccine, there is a very small chance that it will matter as 95 of people around him or her will be vaccined so it won’t come into contact
86
How was penicillin founded
By accident when mould grew on an agar plate
87
What is an antibiotic
A substance that can either kill bacteria or inhibit their cell processes
88
Why are antibiotics good
They don’t have an effect on human cells
89
What is meant by antibiotic resistance
When bacteria are no longer harmed by antibiotics
90
What is the first step in developing new medicines
Pre-clinical stage where it is tested on cells in a lab to see if it has the required effect
91
Why is testing done
Do see and eliminate harmful side effects
92
What happens next
Once it has passed the first stage, it is tested on animals then a small clinical trial on a group of healthy adults
93
What happens if this stage is successful
Then it is moved onto a large clinical trial which means it is used on people who actually have the disease
94
What does the large clinical trial help with
Correct dose, and to check for side effects in different people
95
How do pregnancy tests work
By detecting a hormone with antibodies
96
What can monoclonal antibodies be used for
Medical diagnosis

Biology (10 decks)

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