Homeostasis (paper2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rate of the hormonal system like

A

Slower than nervous system

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2
Q

How are hormones carried around the body

A

Through the blood

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3
Q

Where are hormones released from

A

Endocrine glands

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4
Q

Name six endocrine glands

A

Pancreas, ovaries, testes, pituitary, adrenal, thyroid

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5
Q

What is a target organ

A

An organ that is affected by a specific hormone

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6
Q

How do hormones affect the target organs

A

They change what they are doing

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7
Q

Name two sex hormones

A

Oestrogen and testosterone

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8
Q

What is your metabolic rate

A

The rate at which energy stored in your food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in your body to keep you alive

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9
Q

How is resting metabolic rate measured

A

With your body at rest, in a warm room and after a meal

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10
Q

What is a hormone that affects your metabolic rate

A

Thyroxine

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11
Q

How does thyroxine affect the body

A

It makes the heart cells pump faster and stronger, and it increases the rate at which proteins and carbohydrates are broken down in cells

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12
Q

What is the control of thyroxine concentration an example of

A

A negative feedback

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13
Q

What triggers Adrenalin to be released

A

Frightening or exciting situations, when an increase in impulses from neurones reaching the glands from the spinal cord triggers it

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14
Q

What is the function of a target organ of Adrenalin

A

The liver, as it causes the breakdown of a storage substance called glycogen

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15
Q

What does Adrenalin trigger

A

The flight or fight response

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16
Q

Name an affect of Adrenalin on blood vessels

A

Blood vessels to muscles - widen to increase blood flow

Blood vessels to other organs - narrow to increase blood pressure and blood flow to other muscles

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17
Q

When does the menstrual cycle continue from and until

A

Puberty to menapause

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18
Q

What does the menstrual cycle prepare a woman’s body for

A

Fertilisation of an egg cell leading to pregnancy

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19
Q

What happens at day 1

A

The thickened part of the uterus lining and an unfertilised egg are shed through a period

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20
Q

What is ovulation

A

When an egg cell is released from the ovary

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21
Q

What two hormones are released by the ovaries

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

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22
Q

What is contraception

A

The prevention of fertilisation

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23
Q

Name the route of a sperm cell

A

Cervix to uterus to oviducts

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24
Q

What is ART

A

Assisted reproductive technology

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25
How does ART work
Uses hormones and other techniques to increase change of pregnancy
26
What type of therapy is used on women that rarely or never release an egg
Clomifene therapy
27
How does this type of therapy work
A clomifene drug increases concentration of FSH and LH in the blood
28
Name another type of ART
IVF ( in vitro fertilisation )
29
What problems does ivf overcome
Blocked oviducts, or low sperm count
30
What are urine tests used for
To test pregnancy and diseases such as diabetes
31
Where is glucose absorbed
The small intestine
32
Why is it dangerous if there is too much glucose in the blood
It can damage organs
33
What target organ and hormone are associated with diabetes
Liver and insulin from the pancreas
34
What does insulin tell liver cells
To take in glucose and in turn lower blood sugar levels
35
What is glucose turned into when absorbed by the liver
Glycogen
36
What is glucagon
A hormone that is released when blood sugar levels are too low
37
What does glucagon do
Tells the liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose and release it back into the blood stream
38
Define homeostasis
Maintaining constant conditions inside the body
39
What is type 1 diabetes
When the pancreatic cells do not produce insulin as the bodies immune system has attacked these cells
40
Where do type 1 diabetics inject insulin
The fat layer below the skin
41
What is type 2 diabetes
Where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or target organs not responding properly
42
How do you control type 2
Eating healthily and exercising regularly
43
What is needed for more severe cases
Medicine to reduce the amount of glucose that the liver releases or medicine to increase sensitivity to insulin in target organ cells
44
How is the waist to hip ratio calculated
Waist measurement divided by hip measurement
45
What correlates to getting type 2 diabetes
BMI and waist to hip ratio
46
What does a body temp of 38c cause
A fever
47
What does a body temp of 36c cause
Hypothermia
48
Why are they both dangerous
They affect the way enzymes work
49
What is the control of body temp called
Thermoregulation
50
What part of the brain controls temp
They hypothalamus
51
How does the hypothalamus gain information
From temperature receptors in the dermis of the skin
52
What do receptors inside the hypothalamus detect
Temp changes in the brain and blood
53
Name a technique that the body uses to warm up
Shivering as the muscles contract and relax quickly in which the energy released by respiration warms you up a bit
54
Name two more techniques
Contraction of the erector muscles in the dermis of this skin to trap a layer of insulated air within the hairs Reduced blood flow near skin to reduce the rate of transfer of energy to the air
55
How does sweating cool us down
A layer of sweat is spread out across the skin, and is evaporated. This transfers energy from the skin to the surroundings More blood flows nearer the skin so the blood can transfer energy out easier
56
What is vasoconstriction
Narrowing of blood vessels
57
What is vasodilation
The arteries widening
58
What is thermoregulation another example of
Negative feedback
59
What is osmoregulation
The control of water and mineral salts in the body
60
What is the function of the urinary system
To remove excess amounts of some substances from the blood, including water and salts and urea
61
Why is water needed in a cell
To maintain its shape
62
What is urea and where is it produced
Urea is the waste product of amino acids and is produced in the liver
63
Where and what by is urea carried to
The kidneys by the blood
64
What is kidney failure
When both kidneys stop working
65
Why is this dangerous
As the concentration of many substances in the blood will be too high
66
What does someone with kidney failure need
A transplant, and dialysis while they are waiting every few days
67
What do kidney cells have on them
Antigens
68
Why could this be bad in an organ donation
The body’s immune system could reject and attack the organ as it is foreign
69
What are the tiny microscopic tubes in the kidney called
Nephrons
70
What is made in the nephrons
Urine
71
Name three ways that the nephron is adapted
Large surface area of contact between capillaries and nephron Tiny folds in first convoluted tubules called microvilli which increases surface area to volume ratio Cells that contain protein pumps have mitochondria for energy
72
What gland detects too little water
Pituitary
73
What hormone does the pituitary gland release
ADH anti diuretic hormone
74
What is the affect of ADH
It increases the permeability of the collecting duct which increases the concentration of urine
75
What happens if the collecting duct is permeable
Water is absorbed by osmosis from the collecting duct and goes back into the blood