Homeostasis (paper2)

Question 1

What is the rate of the hormonal system like

Answer 1

Slower than nervous system

Question 2

How are hormones carried around the body

Answer 2

Through the blood

Question 3

Where are hormones released from

Answer 3

Endocrine glands

Question 4

Name six endocrine glands

Answer 4

Pancreas, ovaries, testes, pituitary, adrenal, thyroid

Question 5

What is a target organ

Answer 5

An organ that is affected by a specific hormone

Question 6

How do hormones affect the target organs

Answer 6

They change what they are doing

Question 7

Name two sex hormones

Answer 7

Oestrogen and testosterone

Question 8

What is your metabolic rate

Answer 8

The rate at which energy stored in your food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in your body to keep you alive

Question 9

How is resting metabolic rate measured

Answer 9

With your body at rest, in a warm room and after a meal

Question 10

What is a hormone that affects your metabolic rate

Answer 10

Thyroxine

Question 11

How does thyroxine affect the body

Answer 11

It makes the heart cells pump faster and stronger, and it increases the rate at which proteins and carbohydrates are broken down in cells

Question 12

What is the control of thyroxine concentration an example of

Answer 12

A negative feedback

Question 13

What triggers Adrenalin to be released

Answer 13

Frightening or exciting situations, when an increase in impulses from neurones reaching the glands from the spinal cord triggers it

Question 14

What is the function of a target organ of Adrenalin

Answer 14

The liver, as it causes the breakdown of a storage substance called glycogen

Question 15

What does Adrenalin trigger

Answer 15

The flight or fight response

Question 16

Name an affect of Adrenalin on blood vessels

Answer 16

Blood vessels to muscles - widen to increase blood flow

Blood vessels to other organs - narrow to increase blood pressure and blood flow to other muscles

Question 17

When does the menstrual cycle continue from and until

Answer 17

Puberty to menapause

Question 18

What does the menstrual cycle prepare a woman’s body for

Answer 18

Fertilisation of an egg cell leading to pregnancy

Question 19

What happens at day 1

Answer 19

The thickened part of the uterus lining and an unfertilised egg are shed through a period

Question 20

What is ovulation

Answer 20

When an egg cell is released from the ovary

Question 21

What two hormones are released by the ovaries

Answer 21

Progesterone and oestrogen

Question 22

What is contraception

Answer 22

The prevention of fertilisation

Question 23

Name the route of a sperm cell

Answer 23

Cervix to uterus to oviducts

Question 24

What is ART

Answer 24

Assisted reproductive technology

Question 25

How does ART work

Answer 25

Uses hormones and other techniques to increase change of pregnancy

Question 26

What type of therapy is used on women that rarely or never release an egg

Answer 26

Clomifene therapy

Question 27

How does this type of therapy work

Answer 27

A clomifene drug increases concentration of FSH and LH in the blood

Question 28

Name another type of ART

Answer 28

IVF ( in vitro fertilisation )

Question 29

What problems does ivf overcome

Answer 29

Blocked oviducts, or low sperm count

Question 30

What are urine tests used for

Answer 30

To test pregnancy and diseases such as diabetes

Question 31

Where is glucose absorbed

Answer 31

The small intestine

Question 32

Why is it dangerous if there is too much glucose in the blood

Answer 32

It can damage organs

Question 33

What target organ and hormone are associated with diabetes

Answer 33

Liver and insulin from the pancreas

Question 34

What does insulin tell liver cells

Answer 34

To take in glucose and in turn lower blood sugar levels

Question 35

What is glucose turned into when absorbed by the liver

Answer 35

Glycogen

Question 36

What is glucagon

Answer 36

A hormone that is released when blood sugar levels are too low

Question 37

What does glucagon do

Answer 37

Tells the liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose and release it back into the blood stream

Question 38

Define homeostasis

Answer 38

Maintaining constant conditions inside the body

Question 39

What is type 1 diabetes

Answer 39

When the pancreatic cells do not produce insulin as the bodies immune system has attacked these cells

Question 40

Where do type 1 diabetics inject insulin

Answer 40

The fat layer below the skin

Question 41

What is type 2 diabetes

Answer 41

Where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or target organs not responding properly

Question 42

How do you control type 2

Answer 42

Eating healthily and exercising regularly

Question 43

What is needed for more severe cases

Answer 43

Medicine to reduce the amount of glucose that the liver releases or medicine to increase sensitivity to insulin in target organ cells

Question 44

How is the waist to hip ratio calculated

Answer 44

Waist measurement divided by hip measurement

Question 45

What correlates to getting type 2 diabetes

Answer 45

BMI and waist to hip ratio

Question 46

What does a body temp of 38c cause

Answer 46

A fever

Question 47

What does a body temp of 36c cause

Answer 47

Hypothermia

Question 48

Why are they both dangerous

Answer 48

They affect the way enzymes work

Question 49

What is the control of body temp called

Answer 49

Thermoregulation

Question 50

What part of the brain controls temp

Answer 50

They hypothalamus

Question 51

How does the hypothalamus gain information

Answer 51

From temperature receptors in the dermis of the skin

Question 52

What do receptors inside the hypothalamus detect

Answer 52

Temp changes in the brain and blood

Question 53

Name a technique that the body uses to warm up

Answer 53

Shivering as the muscles contract and relax quickly in which the energy released by respiration warms you up a bit

Question 54

Name two more techniques

Answer 54

Contraction of the erector muscles in the dermis of this skin to trap a layer of insulated air within the hairs Reduced blood flow near skin to reduce the rate of transfer of energy to the air

Question 55

How does sweating cool us down

Answer 55

A layer of sweat is spread out across the skin, and is evaporated. This transfers energy from the skin to the surroundings More blood flows nearer the skin so the blood can transfer energy out easier

Question 56

What is vasoconstriction

Answer 56

Narrowing of blood vessels

Question 57

What is vasodilation

Answer 57

The arteries widening

Question 58

What is thermoregulation another example of

Answer 58

Negative feedback

Question 59

What is osmoregulation

Answer 59

The control of water and mineral salts in the body

Question 60

What is the function of the urinary system

Answer 60

To remove excess amounts of some substances from the blood, including water and salts and urea

Question 61

Why is water needed in a cell

Answer 61

To maintain its shape

Question 62

What is urea and where is it produced

Answer 62

Urea is the waste product of amino acids and is produced in the liver

Question 63

Where and what by is urea carried to

Answer 63

The kidneys by the blood

Question 64

What is kidney failure

Answer 64

When both kidneys stop working

Question 65

Why is this dangerous

Answer 65

As the concentration of many substances in the blood will be too high

Question 66

What does someone with kidney failure need

Answer 66

A transplant, and dialysis while they are waiting every few days

Question 67

What do kidney cells have on them

Answer 67

Antigens

Question 68

Why could this be bad in an organ donation

Answer 68

The body’s immune system could reject and attack the organ as it is foreign

Question 69

What are the tiny microscopic tubes in the kidney called

Answer 69

Nephrons

Question 70

What is made in the nephrons

Answer 70

Urine

Question 71

Name three ways that the nephron is adapted

Answer 71

Large surface area of contact between capillaries and nephron Tiny folds in first convoluted tubules called microvilli which increases surface area to volume ratio Cells that contain protein pumps have mitochondria for energy

Question 72

What gland detects too little water

Answer 72

Pituitary

Question 73

What hormone does the pituitary gland release

Answer 73

ADH anti diuretic hormone

Question 74

What is the affect of ADH

Answer 74

It increases the permeability of the collecting duct which increases the concentration of urine

Question 75

What happens if the collecting duct is permeable

Answer 75

Water is absorbed by osmosis from the collecting duct and goes back into the blood