Genetics (paper1) Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does DNA contain

A

Instructions for making the cell, producing proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a gene

A

A piece or length of DNA giving instructions for a protein e.g. To make insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

Made of 2 strands

Sides are made of a sugar-deoxyribose and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 genes in DNA

A

Guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are they held together by

A

Complementary base pairs are held together by a weak hydrogen bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was the structure of DNA known

A

1953

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name some key players in DNA discovery

A

Rosalind Franklin and James Watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do genes code for

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are proteins made up of

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does protein synthesis happen

A

In the ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain step one of protein synthesis

A

The coding strand is copied
This is known as transcription
DNA acts as a template to make mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is different with RNA to DNA

A

It has 1 strand and contains Uracil instead of thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain step 2 of protein synthesis

A

mRNA leaves the nucleus via the pores and travels to the ribosomes
mRNA code is read- this is known as translation
This gives the order of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many amino acids are there

A

21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens in translation

A

tRNA carries the amino acids to the ribosomes

The ribosome links together the amino acids to make a polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do multiple amino acids make

A

Polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a mutation

A

A change in DNA base sequence such as addition, deletion or substitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can a mutation change

A

The mRNA sequence and the amino acid used or the order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can a mutation cause

A

A change in shape of the protein

22
Q

What type of cell are gametes

23
Q

What is a diploid cell in fertilisation also known as

24
Q

Name some differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

One division. Two divisions

2 daughter cells. 4 daughter cells

25
What's an allele
A different version/from of the same gene
26
What's a genotype
The alleles in an organism
27
What's a phenotype
What the organism looks like
28
What does homozygous mean
Both alleles are the same
29
What does heterozygous mean
Different alleles
30
Name some genetic diseases
Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease
31
What can alleles be
Equally dominant aka codominant
32
What's an example of co-dominant alleles
Blood groups
33
Name some sex linked diseases
Haemophilia or colour blindness
34
What is controlled by multiple genes
Characteristics
35
Name a characteristics
Eye colour
36
What's gene mutation
A change to the gene
37
What can cause gene mutation
Radiation
38
What's a genome
The haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete
39
How can variation be caused
Hereditary genes or environment
40
What's the definition of gene variation
Caused by alleles inherited during sexual reproduction
41
What's also known as acquired characteristics
Environmental variation
42
What is an example of continuous data
Height
43
What's an example of discrete data
Blood group
44
Define evolution
The process by which different kinds of living organisms are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth
45
List our closest evolutional ancestors
Homo erectus | Homo habilis
46
What is homo erectus' skull volume
850cm cubed
47
When did homo erectus live
0.5 to 1.8 million years ago
48
Who is our furthest known ancestor
Ardi ( ardipithicus ramidus)
49
How can tools help us understand human evolution
Because each layer of rock can tell a date
50
Which out of A and B are more dominant
They are co dominant
51
What does blood group O mean
Nothing is there
52
Which chromosome is bigger
The X