Genetics (paper1)

Question 1

What does DNA stand for

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 2

What does DNA contain

Answer 2

Instructions for making the cell, producing proteins

Question 3

What is a gene

Answer 3

A piece or length of DNA giving instructions for a protein e.g. To make insulin.

Question 4

Describe the structure of DNA

Answer 4

Made of 2 strands

Sides are made of a sugar-deoxyribose and phosphate

Question 5

What are the 4 genes in DNA

Answer 5

Guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine

Question 6

What are they held together by

Answer 6

Complementary base pairs are held together by a weak hydrogen bond

Question 7

What was the structure of DNA known

Answer 7

1953

Question 8

Name some key players in DNA discovery

Answer 8

Rosalind Franklin and James Watson

Question 9

What do genes code for

Answer 9

Proteins

Question 10

What are proteins made up of

Answer 10

Amino acids

Question 11

Where does protein synthesis happen

Answer 11

In the ribosomes

Question 12

Explain step one of protein synthesis

Answer 12

The coding strand is copied
This is known as transcription
DNA acts as a template to make mRNA

Question 13

What is RNA

Answer 13

Ribonucleic acid

Question 14

What is different with RNA to DNA

Answer 14

It has 1 strand and contains Uracil instead of thymine

Question 15

Explain step 2 of protein synthesis

Answer 15

mRNA leaves the nucleus via the pores and travels to the ribosomes
mRNA code is read- this is known as translation
This gives the order of amino acids

Question 16

How many amino acids are there

Answer 16

21

Question 17

What happens in translation

Answer 17

tRNA carries the amino acids to the ribosomes

The ribosome links together the amino acids to make a polypeptide

Question 18

What do multiple amino acids make

Answer 18

Polypeptide

Question 19

What is a mutation

Answer 19

A change in DNA base sequence such as addition, deletion or substitution

Question 20

What can a mutation change

Answer 20

The mRNA sequence and the amino acid used or the order

Question 21

What can a mutation cause

Answer 21

A change in shape of the protein

Question 22

What type of cell are gametes

Answer 22

Haploid

Question 23

What is a diploid cell in fertilisation also known as

Answer 23

Zygote

Question 24

Name some differences between mitosis and meiosis

Answer 24

One division. Two divisions

2 daughter cells. 4 daughter cells

Question 25

What's an allele

Answer 25

A different version/from of the same gene

Question 26

What's a genotype

Answer 26

The alleles in an organism

Question 27

What's a phenotype

Answer 27

What the organism looks like

Question 28

What does homozygous mean

Answer 28

Both alleles are the same

Question 29

What does heterozygous mean

Answer 29

Different alleles

Question 30

Name some genetic diseases

Answer 30

Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease

Question 31

What can alleles be

Answer 31

Equally dominant aka codominant

Question 32

What's an example of co-dominant alleles

Answer 32

Blood groups

Question 33

Name some sex linked diseases

Answer 33

Haemophilia or colour blindness

Question 34

What is controlled by multiple genes

Answer 34

Characteristics

Question 35

Name a characteristics

Answer 35

Eye colour

Question 36

What's gene mutation

Answer 36

A change to the gene

Question 37

What can cause gene mutation

Answer 37

Radiation

Question 38

What's a genome

Answer 38

The haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete

Question 39

How can variation be caused

Answer 39

Hereditary genes or environment

Question 40

What's the definition of gene variation

Answer 40

Caused by alleles inherited during sexual reproduction

Question 41

What's also known as acquired characteristics

Answer 41

Environmental variation

Question 42

What is an example of continuous data

Answer 42

Height

Question 43

What's an example of discrete data

Answer 43

Blood group

Question 44

Define evolution

Answer 44

The process by which different kinds of living organisms are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth

Question 45

List our closest evolutional ancestors

Answer 45

Homo erectus | Homo habilis

Question 46

What is homo erectus' skull volume

Answer 46

850cm cubed

Question 47

When did homo erectus live

Answer 47

0.5 to 1.8 million years ago

Question 48

Who is our furthest known ancestor

Answer 48

Ardi ( ardipithicus ramidus)

Question 49

How can tools help us understand human evolution

Answer 49

Because each layer of rock can tell a date

Question 50

Which out of A and B are more dominant

Answer 50

They are co dominant

Question 51

What does blood group O mean

Answer 51

Nothing is there

Question 52

Which chromosome is bigger

Answer 52

The X