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From Flashcardlet > Health Psychology midterm 1 > Flashcards

Health Psychology midterm 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Health and Wellness definition

A

An achievement involving balance among physical, mental, and social well being. It is not just simply the absence of illness.

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1
Q

Health Psychology

A

Field devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill.

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2
Q

Etiology

A
  1. The origins or cause of illness
  2. The behaviors and social factors contributing to health, illness and dysfunction
  3. Ex. Alcoholism, smoking, wearing seat belts, coping with stress
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3
Q

Mind body relationship over History

A
  1. The mind and body are inextricable influences on health
  2. Prehistory: most cultures regarded the mind body as intertwined
  3. Disease was thought by some cultures to arise when evil spirits entered the body
  4. Middle Ages: supernatural explanation for illness (gods punishment)
  5. Renaissance- present day: humoral theory eliminated with scientific advances. Focus on bodily factors rather than the mind
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4
Q

Humoral Theory of Illness

A
  1. Developed by Ancient Greeks
  2. Disease results when the 4 humors are out of balance
  3. Humors : blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm
  4. Treatment: restore humors back to balance
  5. No role for the mind
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5
Q

Conversion Hysteria

A
  1. According to Freud, specific unconscious conflicts can produce particular physical disturbances that symbolize repressed psychological conflicts
  2. Ex. Sudden loss of hearing or sight, tremors, muscular paralysis, eating disorders
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6
Q

Epidemiology

A
  1. The study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of infectious and non infectious disease in a population
  2. Ex. Studies cancer and why some cancers are more prevalent among particular groups of people
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7
Q

Psychosomatic medicine

A
  1. Profiles of particular disorders believed to be psychosomatic in origin (emotional conflicts)
  2. Laid groundwork for change in beliefs that the mind body cannot be separated in matters of health and illness.
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8
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

Health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors

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9
Q

Biomedical model

A
  1. Governed thinking for 300 years
  2. Illness can be explained by somatic processes like biochemical processes, neurophysiological abnormalities.
  3. Psychological and social factors are irrelevant
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10
Q

Acute disorders

A
  1. Short term illnesses, often viral or bacterial, amenable to cure
  2. Ex. TB, pneumonia, infectious diseases
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11
Q

Chronic Illnesses

A
  1. Slowly developing diseases with which people live with for years, cannot be cured but only managed
  2. Ex. Heart disease, cancer, diabetes
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12
Q

Major causes of death then and now

A

Then
1. Flu virus, pneumonia, TB, gastro, heart, accidents,
Now
1. Heart disease, cancer, stroke, respiratory, accidents, diabetes, flu

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13
Q

Morbidity

A
  1. Refers to the number of cases of a disease that exist at some given point in time.
  2. May be expressed as incidence (# of new cases) or as prevalence (total # of existing cases)
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14
Q

Mortality

A

Refers to number of deaths due to particular causes

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15
Q

Types of research

A
  1. Experiments
  2. Correlational studies: measures whether a change in one variable corresponds with changes in another variable
  3. Prospective research: looks forward in time to see how a group of people change, or how a relationship between two variables changes over time.
  4. Longitudinal research: the same people are observed over time
  5. Retrospective research: looks backward in time, to reconstruct conditions that led to a current situation
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16
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  1. controls the rest of the nerves in the body that the central nervous system does not
  2. Is made up of the somatic and autonomic nervous system.
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18
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  1. The involuntary nervous system that connects the central nervous system to all internal organs over which people do not customarily have control.
  2. The ANS is regulated via the sympathetic nervous system (mobilizes the body for action) and the parasympathetic nervous system (maintains and restores equilibrium).
  3. Respiration, digestion, heart rate, perspiration
  4. The mind can influence ANS functioning
19
Q

Catecholamines
What are they?
What do they do?

A
  1. Two types of neurotransmitters, epinephrine and norepinephrine, that stimulate and promote the activity of the SNS.
  2. Heart rate increases, heart capillaries dilate, increase in blood pressure, respiration up, digestion and urination decrease, pupils dilate, sweat glands increase.
  3. Is a response to stressful events, strong emotions like fear embarrassment
20
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  1. Helps regulate the centers in the medulla that control cardiac functioning, blood pressure, and respiration
  2. Regulates water balance in the body, appetite, sexual desire
  3. Regulates thoughts generated in the cerebral cortex and their impacts on internal organs
  4. Hypothalamus with pituitary regulates the endocrine system
21
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A
  1. Hormone of the adrenal medulla
  2. Increases respiration
  3. Increases glucose levels
  4. Increases heart rate and blood pressure
  5. Decreases digestion
22
Q

Flight or fight response

A
  1. Response to a threat in which the body is rapidly aroused and motivated by the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system to attack or flee
  2. First described by Walter Cannon in 1932
23
Q

Tend and befriend theory

A
  1. A theory of responses to stress maintaining that in addition to fight or flight, humans respond to stress with social affiliation and nurturant behavior towards offspring
  2. Thought to depend on the stress hormone oxytocin
  3. May be especially true for women
24
Q

Components of the SAM axis

A
  1. Autonomic nervous system
  2. Sympathetic medullary adrenal axis
  3. Short term reaction to stress
  4. Hypothalamus activates adrenal gland, adrenal glands secretes catecholamines (epin. and nonepin.)
  5. Evolutionary adaption, important for survival
  6. Chronic activation of SAM is problematic, leads to hypertension and cardiovascular disease
25
Q

Components of the HPA axis

Sequence of activation

A
  1. Endocrine system
  2. Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis
  3. Main chemical messenger: cortisol (hydrocortisone, glucocorticoid), stress hormone
  4. Repeated activation can compromise its functioning
26
Q

Adrenal Medulla and adrenal cortex

A

Each adrenal gland (located on top of each kidney) consists of an adrenal medulla and an adrenal cortex.

  1. The hormones of the adrenal medulla are epinephrine and norepinephrine.
  2. The adrenal cortex is stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary, and releases hormones called steroids.
27
Q

Cortisol
What is it?
What it does to the body?

A
  1. Cortisol increases blood sugar
  2. Aids in fat, protein, carbohydrate metabolism
  3. Suppress specific immune function (antibody production)
  4. Short term cortisol is good (fight or flight, morning increase in energy, to function well)
  5. Chronic over activation of the HPA is bad (reduces bone formation, weakens immune system, infertility, impairs memory, cognition, learning, blood pressure increase, obesity, depression, shut down of HPA axis)
28
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that regulate nervous system functioning

29
Q

Hormones

A
  1. A chemical messenger that is released by a cell, gland, or organ in one part of the body that affects another part of the body
  2. Slower acting than neurotransmitters
  3. Testosterone, estrogen
30
Q

Theory of cognitive appraisal

Primary, secondary

A
  1. Primary: when an individual confronts a new or changing environment they appraise situation by trying to determine the meaning of the the event. Events may be perceived as positive, neutral or negative in their consequences
  2. Secondary: assessment of ones coping abilities and whether they are sufficient to meet the harm, threat and challenge of the event
31
Q

Types of events that are most stressful

A
  1. Negative events more stressful than positive ones (except people who hold negative views of themselves)
  2. Uncontrollable: more stressful than predictable events
  3. Ambiguous events: because of uncertainty
  4. Overload: more stress than those who have less tasks to perform
  5. Social evaluation: activities in front of others when we are being evaluated
  6. Unperceived stress is just as harmful as perceived stress
32
Q

Schedule of stressful life events

Types of events, problems with questionnaire

A
  1. Death of a spouse
  2. Divorce
  3. Marital separation
  4. Jail detention
  5. Major injury, illness
  6. Problems with questionnaire: items on list too vague, individual differences in the way events are experienced are too subjective, inclusion of both positive and negative events, and events people freely choose, were the stressful events resolved
33
Q

Daily hassles

A
  1. Minor daily stressful events

2. Believed to have a cumulative effect in increasing the likelihood of illness

34
Q

Risky families

A

Families that are high in conflict or abuse and low in warmth and nurturance, may produce offspring with problems in stress regulatory systems (failure to recognize and respond to other people’s emotions)

35
Q

Chronic strain

A

A stressful experience that is a usual but continually stressful aspect of life

36
Q

Karoshi

A
  1. A Japanese term that refers to death from overwork

2. More than 61 hours in a work week, twice the risk for heart attack

37
Q

Relationship between discrimination and ill health

A
  1. Poverty, exposure to crime, neighborhood stress all tied to poor health
  2. Children from low SES families experience greater health risks
  3. Racism and racial discrimination also contribute to disease risk like cardiovascular disease (life expectancy for African American men is 6 years less than white men)
  4. Perceived racism contributes to high hypertension in African Americans
  5. Exposure to racism tied to depression, problem drinking, poor sleep quality in African Americans
  6. Sexism in the work environment predicts poor physical and emotional health
38
Q

Stress and women’s multiple roles

A
  1. The role of stress on a Women has evolved, responsibility on foraging and child care (she needs to protect herself and offspring, true of most species)
  2. Oxytocin is especially influenced by estrogen, and oxytocin increases affiliative behavior, especially mothering
  3. High levels of oxytocin increase calmness and nurturing behavior
  4. Women more likely to turn to others when dealing with stress (collective response)
  5. Working women with children have high cortisol levels, high cardiovascular reactivity, and more home strain than working women with no children
39
Q

Role ambiguity, role conflict

A
  1. Role ambiguity: occurs when a person has few clear ideas of what is to be done and no idea of the standards used for evaluating work.
  2. Role conflict: occurs when a person receives conflicting information about work tasks or standards from different individuals.
40
Q

Objective vs. subjective stressors and ill health

A
  1. Both subjective and objective measures of stress independently predicted psychological distress and health complaints
41
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder

A

A syndrome that results after exposure to a stressor of extreme magnitude, marked by emotional numbing, the reliving of aspects of the trauma, intense responses to other stressful events, and other symptoms such as hyper alertness, sleep disturbance, guilt, or impaired memory or concentration.

42
Q

Stress

A

A reaction to a stimulus that disturbs our physical or mental equilibrium

43
Q

Stressor

A

The stimulus (external or internal) that triggers a stress response

44
Q

Allostatic load

A

Cumulative negative effects of stress on the body

45
Q

How is stress studied?

A
  1. Acute stress: Short term, reactivity (in lab)

2. Chronic: long term, dysregulation of systems

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