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From Flashcardlet > Health Psychology midterm 2 > Flashcards

Health Psychology midterm 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins produced in response to stipulations by antigens, which then combine chemically with the antigens to overcome their toxic effects.

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1
Q

Antigens

A

Foreign substances whose presence stimulates the production of antibodies in the cell tissues.
(Toxin)

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2
Q

Natural/ general /innate immune system (non specific immune system)

A
  1. Nonspecific immune system: General set of responses to any kind of infection or disorder, defense against many pathogens
  2. Macrophages are the cells that engulf pathogens
  3. Fast acting
  4. Cytokines
  5. Natural killer cells
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3
Q

Macrophages

A
  1. A phagocyte (certain white blood cells)
  2. Engulf and digest the foreign invader
  3. Release interleukin-1
  4. Release interferon to enhance natural killer cells and inhibit viral reproduction of uninfected cells.
  5. Directly lill infected cells
  6. Non specific immunity
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4
Q

Interferon/ natural killer cells

A
  1. Lethal chemical that destroys infected cells by injecting lethal chemicals
  2. An antiviral agent
  3. Decreases spread of viral infections
  4. Directly kills cells
  5. Involved in natural immunity
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5
Q

Specific immune system (acquired immune system)

A
  1. Specific immune system: always acquired after birth, fight particular micro organisms and their toxins
  2. Lymphocytes B (humoral) and T (cell mediated) respond to only one kind of invader
  3. Delay of up to several days before a full defense can be mounted
  4. Natural immunity: acquired through breast milk to infant, only temporary. Acquired through disease, if you get measles you develop immunity and you are unlikely to develop it again.
  5. Artificial immunity: acquired through vaccination and inoculations. Shoots for whooping cough, you won’t get it if you get exposed
  6. Cytokines
  7. Slower acting
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6
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  1. Provide protection against bacteria, neutralizing toxins produced by bacteria, and preventing viral reinfection
  2. Confer immunity by production and secretion of antibodies
  3. Humoral immunity
  4. Bone marrow
  5. Specific immunity
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7
Q

T lymphocytes

A
  1. When stimulated by appropriate antigens, T cells secrete chemicals that kill invading organisms and infected cells
  2. Cell-mediated immunity
  3. From the thymus gland
  4. Slower acting
  5. Specific immunity
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8
Q

Autoimmunity

A
  1. A condition characterized by a specific humoral or cell-mediated immune response that attacks the body’s own tissues.
  2. Implicated in arthritis, muscular sclerosis
  3. Specific immune system
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9
Q

Autoimmune disorders

A
  1. The body fails to recognize its own tissue, interprets it as a foreign invader, and produces antibodies to fight it.
  2. A viral or bacterial infections often precedes the onset of Autoimmune disease
  3. Stress can aggravate AD
  4. Genetic make-up may protect or exacerbate AD
  5. Brought on by unwarranted immune response
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10
Q

Types of infection
Localized
Focal
Systemic

A
  1. Localized: infections remain at their original site and do not spread throughout the body.
  2. Focal: confined to a particular area, but can spread toxins to other parts in the body to cause disruptions
  3. Systemic: affect a number of areas or body systems
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11
Q

Cytokines

A
  1. Released by macrophages,
  2. nonspecific immunity
  3. Promote inflammation, fever, and wound healing
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12
Q

Moderators of the stress-immune relationship (351)

A
  1. Seeking Social support and perception that one had good emotional support is associated with high NK cells
  2. Good coping methods like problem solving, stress management, relaxation
  3. Optimism and coping can influence stress
  4. Perceived control can limit change in immune parameters
  5. Meditation
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13
Q

Then relaxation response (physiological characteristics and consequences)

A
  1. Initiated by the hypothalamus and parasympathetic nervous system
  2. Relaxation can increase levels of NK cells and decrease antibody titres (enhance cellular immunity)
  3. Improves immune function
  4. Decreases depression
  5. Lowers cholesterol and blood pressure
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14
Q

The overall effect of stress on the immune system (general and specific)

A
  1. Stress suppresses specific immunity and over stimulates non specific immunity
  2. Chronic stress implicated in chronic inflammation, heart disease, declines in cognitive performance (prevents shut down of natural immune system)
  3. Cortisol suppresses antibody production, leaving the body vulnerable to disease and infection
  4. Cortisol is a natural anti inflammatory
  5. Need cortisol for fight or flight
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15
Q

Immune problems that result from stress

A
  1. Astronauts show increase in white blood cells, decrease in NK cells
  2. Perceived stress associated with lower antibody response to the flu, except those who had strong social support
  3. Self related emotions can cause changes or elevations to inflammatory cytokines activity
  4. Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood results in higher levels of inflammatory activity
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16
Q

Cortisol’s effect on the immune system

A
  1. Cortisol reduced white blood cells, which reduce ability of these substances to signal and communicate with other aspects of the immune system
  2. Can trigger aptosis (cell death) of white blood cells
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17
Q

Vaccination

A

.

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18
Q

Measures that psychoneuroimmunologists use (skin puncture)

A
  1. Measuring immune products, cytokines, in the blood (may increase in response to stress)
  2. Examine wound healing or tape stripping ( wounds heal faster when immune system is functioning well), puncture in the forearm, examine how quickly you heal
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19
Q

Teachable moment

A

The idea that certain times are more effective for teaching particular health practices than others; pregnancy constitutes a teachable moment for getting women to stop smoking

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20
Q

Most effective health communication

A
  1. Colorful and vivid communication (case study)
  2. Expert, like able, prestigious, respected (dr. vs. health fad proponent)
  3. strong arguments in the beginning and end, not middle of speech
  4. Message short, clear and direct
  5. State conclusion explicitly
  6. Extreme message, but not too extreme
  7. emphasis on problems that may occur if you don’t stop a bad habit
  8. Favorable point, benefits to be gained
  9. Sensitive to cultural norms
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21
Q

The health belief model

A
  1. Theory on why people practice health behaviors
  2. Whether a person practices a particular health behavior depends on two factors, whether the person perceives a personal health threat and whether they believe a particular health practice will be an effective one.
22
Q

The theory of planned behavior

A
  1. Theory that health behavior is a direct result of a behavioral intention
  2. Intentions: attitude toward specific action, subjective norms regarding action, perceived behavioral control
23
Q

Problems with attitudinal health behavior theories/ approaches

A
  1. Extreme messages produce attitudinal change only up to a point
  2. Fear appeals undermine health behavior change, especially using fear alone
  3. Information may not be perceived accurately
  4. Do not explain spontaneous behavior change, or long term change
  5. Evoke defensive irrational processes
24
Q

Schedules of reinforcement (random, variable, etc.)

A
  1. Self-monitoring: Keeping a chart or log to document poor behaviors (e.g., binging) and healthy behaviors (e.g., visits to the gym).
  2. Cognitive restructuring: Changing negative self-talk, self-affirmations: “I can do this”
  3. Contingency contracting: Form a contract with someone (reward or punishmen
25
Q

Modeling

A
  1. Learning gained from observing another person, who is similar, performing a target behavior
  2. High schoolers much more willing to give blood if they see others doing it
  3. Long term behavior technique
  4. Reduces anxiety
26
Q

Stimulus control

A
  1. Ridding the environment of stimuli that evoke the problem behavior and creating new positive stimuli so a new response will be enforced
27
Q

Contingency contracting

A

A procedure in which an individual forms a contract with another person, such as a therapist, detailing what rewards or punishments are contingent on the performance or nonperformance of a target behavior

28
Q

Self-punishment and self-reinforcement

A
  1. Self-reinforcement: systematically rewarding oneself to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behavior. Positive: reward with desirable after successful modification of target behavior. Negative: removing adverse factor after successful modification of target behavior
  2. Self-punishment: positive: administration of unpleasant stimulus. Negative: withdrawing a positive reinforcer when an undesirable behavior is performed
29
Q

Self-monitoring

A
  1. First step toward behavior change
  2. Person must understand dimensions of target behavior before changes can begin
  3. Assess frequency, antecedents and consequences of target behavior
30
Q

Transtheoretical model of behavior change

A
  1. An analysis of the health behavior change process that draws on the stages and process people go through in order to bring about successful long term behavior change.
  2. Stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.
  3. Successful attitude or behavior change at each stage depends on the appropriateness of the intervention. for example, attitude change materials help move people from precontemplation to contemplation, whereas relapse prevention techniques help move people from action to maintenance
31
Q

Social engineering

A
  1. Social or lifestyle change through legislation; for example, water purification is done through social engineering rather than by Individual efforts
  2. Banning use of certain drugs
  3. Safety caps on medications
32
Q

Health locus of control

A

The perception that one’s health is under personal control; is controlled by powerful others, such as physicians; or is determined by external factors, including chance

33
Q

Self-efficacy

A

The perception that one is able to perform a particular action

34
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

High-intensity, long-duration, and high-endurance exercise, believed to contribute to cardiovascular fitness and other positive health outcomes. Examples are jogging, bicycling, running, and swimming.

35
Q

Benefits of exercise

A
  1. Faster wound healing
  2. Improved immune functioning
  3. More gray matter in brain
  4. Regular exercise adds two years to life
  5. 30 minutes of aerobics can decrease chronic disease
  6. Improves physical capability
36
Q

Most common causes of accidental death

A
  1. Home accidents most common death for children under 5
  2. Motor cycle and automobile accidents: 1.3 million deaths each year (single greatest cause of accidental death)
  3. Skin cancer: risen 155% in 20 yrs.
  4. Falls among the elderly
37
Q

Bmi

A
  1. Measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to adult men and women
  2. Normal is 18-25 bmi
38
Q

Dangers of abdominal fat

A
  1. Potent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and decline in cognitive function
  2. Called stress weight, increases in response to stress
  3. Called apples, psychologically reactive to stress
  4. Producer of pro inflammatory cytokines
39
Q

Yo-yo dieting

A

The process of chronically alternating between dieting and regular eating, leading to successive weight gains and losses; over time, yo-yo dieters increase their chances of becoming obese by altering their underlying metabolism.

40
Q

Metabolic rate

A
  1. Rate at which our bodies burn calories
  2. Yo-yo dieting lowers metabolic rate
  3. Decreases in metabolic rate may be problematic in successive diets
41
Q

Set point

A

The concept that each individual has an ideal biological weight that cannot be greatly modified

42
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A
  1. A condition produced by excessive dieting and exercise that yields body weight grossly below optimal level, most common among adolescent girls
  2. Genetic factors, early exposure to stress, hypothalamic abnormalities
  3. These behaviors maybe efforts to cope with stress
43
Q

Bulimia

A
  1. An eating syndrome characterized by alternating cycles of binge eating and purging through such techniques as vomiting and extreme dieting
  2. Women prone have altered HPA axis, cortisol stress levels elevated
  3. Excessive concerns with body and weight
44
Q

Commercial weight loss programs

A
  1. Each year 30 billion goes to commercial weight loss programs and specializes foods
  2. 500,000 people each week exposed to controlling obesity methods
45
Q

Gastric surgery

A
  1. Most common radical procedure, stomach stapling
  2. Reserved for those 100% overweight
  3. Surgery Doubled in recent yrs.
46
Q

Dieting

A
  1. Dieting is a stressors that increases cortisol secretion and thus may itself produce health risks
  2. Weight loss produced through dietary methods is small and rarely maintained for long
47
Q

The French vs. Americans (eating etc.)

A
  1. US yogurt containers 80% larger than in Europe
  2. McDonalds serves 70% more fries in the US per container
  3. France has 1/5 obesity rate as US despite food higher in fat and sugar
  4. American women have more negative attitudes towards food than French
  5. French take 2.5 times longer to eat
48
Q

Mammogram

A
  1. Only 27% of US women have appropriate number of mammograms
  2. Especially with elderly
  3. Recommended every year over age 40 if at risk, and every year over age 50
  4. Breast cancer prevalence remained high, but recent decrease
49
Q

Relationships between SES and obesity

A
  1. In US low SES related to higher rates of obesity among women
  2. Due to poor access to high quality food
  3. Lack of time to prep. good food
  4. Lack of information
  5. African American women, especially
50
Q

Sleep apnea

A
  1. Air pipe blockage that disrupts sleep and can compromise health
  2. Sleeper stops breathing for as long as 3 minutes
  3. Thousands of nighttime deaths
  4. Triggers high rates of accidents, anxiety, depression, irritability
51
Q

States of non-rem sleep

A
  1. Non rapid eye movement
  2. Stage 1: early theta sleep, tune out sounds
  3. Stage 2: breathing, heart rates even out, body temp drop, brain alternates between k complexes and sleep spindles
  4. Stage 3 and 4: deep sleep and delta waves
  5. Restoring energy, strengthening the immune system, releasing growth hormone
52
Q

REM sleep

A
  1. Rapid eye movement sleep
  2. Breathing, heart rates flutter
  3. Vivid dreaming
  4. Beta waves
  5. Consolidating memories, solving problems, turning knowledge into long term memories

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