Heart Failure

Question 1

What is RAAS

Answer 1

Angiotensinogen -(renin)-> A1–> A11 which causes systemic vasoconstriction, ADH Aldosterone and cardiac hypertrophy

Question 2

Describe the classification of heart failure

Answer 2

1= no limitation of physical activity 4= breathless at rest

Question 3

Fluid retention - how does it happen and what does it cause

Answer 3

ADH causes fluid retention - fluid backs up in lungs and body causing oedema. and increased JVP

Question 4

symptoms of pulmonary oedema

Answer 4

SOB, shadowing on XRAY. crepitations

Question 5

What stimulates cardiac remodelling?

Answer 5

Cytokines - Ag11. TNF, Adrenergic.

Question 6

Describe how LVF causes breathlessness

Answer 6

increased end diastolic pressure
causes increased left atrial pressure
causing increased pul cap pressure –> pulmonary oedema

Question 7

Name some common causes of LVF

Answer 7

Vent dysrhythmia. MI, Ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, valve disease, drugs, CHD

Question 8

Consequence of RVF

Answer 8

increased RV pressure, increased RA pressure, increased venous pressure. increased interstitial
fluid formation =oedema and liver distension.

Question 9

Causes of RVF

Answer 9

LVF, pulmonary thromboembolism, COPD, valve disorders.

Question 10

Causes of CCF

Answer 10

Ischaemic heart disease, LVF, Cardiomyopathies (heart muscle problem)

Question 11

Primary and secondary causes of cardiomyopathy

Answer 11

Primary: gene defect in muscle protein
Secondary: toxins (drugs), metabolic disease, storage diseases.