HEMATOLOGY Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Scientific study of blood and its component
Help physicians diagnose abnormalities in the blood
A
Hematology
1
Q
standard procedure of blood collection using lancets & needles of varying gauges
A
Phlebotomy
1
Q
Type of puncture: capillaries (lancets)
A
Skin puncture
1
Q
Type of puncture: veins (needles)
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Venipuncture
1
Q
Type of puncture: arteries (needles)
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Arterial puncture
2
Q
Not a common practice in the field of hematology. Usually reserved for patients that have difficult veins to extract.
Often performed by physicians.
A
Arterial puncture
3
Q
The force of ________ will separate the different components of the blood.
A
centrifugation
3
Q
Plasma
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Extracellular Fluid
4
Q
Buffy Coat & Erythrocytes
A
Formed Elements
5
Q
Buffy Coat
A
Leukocytes & Platelets
6
Q
55% of whole blood
A
plasma
7
Q
least dense component
A
plasma
7
Q
white blood cells
A
leukocytes
8
Q
platelets
A
thrombocytes
9
Q
<1% of whole blood
A
Buffy coat
9
Q
red blood cells
A
erythrocytes
10
Q
45% of whole blood
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RBC/ Erythrocytes
11
Q
most dense component
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RBC/ Erythrocytes
12
Q
WBC concentration
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Neutrophil - 65%
Lymphocyte - 23%
Monocyte - 5%
Eosinophil - 4%
Basophil - 1%
13
Q
Liquid portion of blood
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Plasma
14
Q
H2O in Plasma
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91.5%
15
Q
Under Plasma
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Albumin - 54%
Globulin - 38%
Fibrinogen - 7%
16
Q
Pale/ Clear yellow liquid- intravascular/ extracellular
A
plasma
17
Q
Water, sugar, fat, protein and salt solution
55% of a normal human’s blood volume
A
plasma
18
transports RBC, WBC and platelets through the blood vessels
Remove waste products of metabolism
Plasma
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Major component of the formed element
RBC/ Erythrocyte
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anucleated cells produced from the bone marrow
RBC
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gas transporting protein molecule; gives blood red color
Hemoglobin
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When hemoglobin mixes with oxygen (color is bright red)
Oxyhemoglobin
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form of hemoglobin without oxygen. Carries carbon dioxide (blood becomes darker)
Deoxyhemoglobin
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Bright red
Arterial Blood
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Dark red
Venous Blood
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low number of RBCs
anemia
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high number of RBCs
polycythemia
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Nucleated cells that lacks haemoglobin
WBC (Leukocyte)
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Acts as defense against infection
WBC (Leukocyte)
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Most numerous
Multi-lobed nucleus
Pale lilac granules
NEUTROPHIL
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WBC: Function: immune defense
protect the body from infection by killing and ingesting bacteria, fungi and foreign bodies
NEUTROPHIL
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Spherical nucleus
“robin’s egg blue” cytoplasm - staining characteristic
LYMPHOCYTE
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3 types of Lymphocyte
T-cell
B-cell
NK cells
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Lymphocyte that acts as cellular immune response; recognizes foreign substances and processes them for removal
T-cell
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kills cancer cells
NK cells (Natural Killer)
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Usually with a bilobed nucleus - staining characteristic
Granules stain bright reddish-orange
EOSINOPHIL
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defense against parasites
Activate allergic response - immune response
EOSINOPHIL
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With purple-blue granules - obscure the nucleus
BASOPHIL
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WBC functions as an Inflammatory response
Involved in allergic response
BASOPHIL
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They will present antigens by digesting the pathogen and place a remnant of the antigen on their surface and present it to lymphocytes for recognition
Macrophage
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Large leukocytes
Kidney-shaped or horse shoe-shaped nucleus
MONOCYTE
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marks out cells that are antigens (foreign bodies) that should be destroyed by lymphocytes
Dendritic cell
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act as antigen-presenting cells
Free wandering - roam around the body to hunt down foreign agents that might have entered our body.
Primary purpose is to engulf, destroy, and phagocytize foreign agents.
Macrophage
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Cell fragments
Platelets
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form clots during injury to prevent blood from leaking out
Platelets
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form clots during injury to prevent blood from leaking out
Platelets
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When you injured yourself, the _______ will aggregate to form a clot, thereby preventing the blood to leak out from the body.
Platelets
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rbc indices
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
48
iron-containing oxygen transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells
hemoglobin
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reagent in Cyanmethemoglobin Method
Drabkin’s Reagent
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instrument in Cyanmethemoglobin Method
Spectrophotometer (540 nm)
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measures change in color
Spectrophotometer (540 nm)
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oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric by potassium ferricyanide = methemoglobin
methemoglobin converted to cyanmethemoglobin with cyanide ions
Cyanmethemoglobin Method
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Utilizes cyanmethemoglobin method with
modified Drabkin’s reagent
Automated Hemoglobinometry
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HemoCue method
Modified azidemethemoglobin reaction
Point-of-care (POC) Hemoglobin Assay
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Reagent in Point-of-care (POC) Hemoglobin Assay
sodium nitrite and sodium azide
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Also known as packed cell volume (PCV) or erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF)
Hematocrit Determination
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For evaluation or treatment of anemia and determine presence of nutritional deficiencies
Hematocrit Determination
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Hemoglobin Determination
a) Cyanmethemoglobin Method
b) Automated Hemoglobinometry
c) Point-of-care (POC) Hemoglobin Assay
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Hematocrit Determination
a) Spun microhematocrit
b) Automated
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Manual procedure
Blood collection method: skin puncture
Spin a blood-filled capillary tube using a microhematocrit centrifuge
Spun for about 3-5 mins
Spun microhematocrit
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Computed from the mean cell volume and the red cell count
Automated
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A machine that measures the red area
microhematocrit tube reader.
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Automated Blood Cell Count
Electrical Impedance
Optical Detection
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- also known as Coulter Principle
- sizing and counting of particles is based on changes in electrical resistance creating voltage pulses
Electrical Impedance
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- Hydrodynamic focusing method
- Uses laser light in cell counting and sizing
Optical detection
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young RBCs without nucleus but still bears cytoplasmic RNA
Reticulocytes:
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Determines how the bone marrow produce and release new RBCs to compensate lost/damaged RBCs
Reticulocyte count
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Rate at which RBCs fall in a column
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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Non-specific test for inflammation
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: Reference Method
Westergren Method
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: Anticoagulant
sodium citrate
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required for the blood not to clot, and allow the formed elements to settle at the bottom
sodium citrate
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate:
one hour
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PLASMA COAGULATION ASSAYS
Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
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Coagulation testing
Detect abnormalities in hemostasis
PLASMA COAGULATION ASSAYS
Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
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Anticoagulant: PLASMA COAGULATION ASSAYS
sodium citrate
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initiate blood clotting.
Prothrombin
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Lymphocyte: antibody production. So that foreign agents can easily be killed, trapped, or phagocytized.
B-cell
