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general physiology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

transport substances

A

blood

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2
Q

regulate life processes

A

blood

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3
Q

pumps blood throughout the body

A

heart

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4
Q

carries blood away from and back to the heart

A

blood vessels

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5
Q

transports various substances, helps regulate several life processes, and affords protection against diseases

A

blood

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6
Q

makes up almost 8% of total blood weight

A

blood

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7
Q

percentage by volume of plasma in blood

A

55%

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8
Q

percentage b yvolume of formed elements in blood

A

45%

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9
Q

in plasma how much is water

A

91

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10
Q

in plasma how much isproteins

A

7

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11
Q

in plasma how much is solutes

A

2

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12
Q

in formed elements how much RBCs are present

A

4.2-6.2 million

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13
Q

how many WBCs are present

A

5-10 thousand

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14
Q

how many platelets are present

A

250-400 thousand

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15
Q

proteins present in plasma

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

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16
Q

other solutes present in plasma

A

ions
nutrients
waste ptoructs
gases
reuglatory substances

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17
Q

WBCs present in blood

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

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18
Q

highest amount present in blood

which WBC

A

neutrophils (60-70%)

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19
Q

second highest amount of WBC present

A

Lymphocytes (20-25)

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20
Q

third highest WBC present

A

monocyte (3-8)

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21
Q

fourth highest WBC present

A

eosinophil (2-4)

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22
Q

least amount of WBC present

A

Basophil (0.5-1)

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23
Q

erythrocytes are formed from which hemocytoblast differentiation

A

proerythroblast

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24
Q

granulocytes

A

Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil

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25
Q

Granulocytes are formed from what hemocytoblast differentiation

A

myeloblast

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26
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocyte
monocyte

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27
Q

lymphocyte differentiated from what hemocytoblast differentiation

A

lymphoblast

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28
Q

monocyte differentiated from which hemocytoblast

A

monoblast

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29
Q

thrombocytes came from what hemocytoblast diffentiation

A

megakaryoblast

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30
Q

study what cells look like under the microscope

A

+1

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31
Q

shape of erythrocytes

A

biconcave

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32
Q

are erythrocytes nucleated?

A

no

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33
Q

main protein in erythrocytes

A

hemoglobin

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34
Q

The form of hemoglobin without oxygen, the predominant protein in red blood cells

A

deoxyhemoglobin

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35
Q

the normal, oxygen-carrying form of hemoglobin in which iron is in the reduced (ferrous) state.

A

oxyhemoglobin

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36
Q

erythrocytes cell membrane is associated with a flexible protein called what

A

spectrin

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37
Q

erythrocytes last up to how many months

A

4 months

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38
Q

produced in red bone marroe

A

erythrocytes

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39
Q

immature RBCs with retained residual nuclear material

A

reticulocyte

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40
Q

high percentage of RBCs with great variations in size

A

anisocytosis

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41
Q

increased RBCs

A

polycythemia

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42
Q

decreased RBCs

A

anemia

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43
Q

a form of the inherited blood disorder, sickle cell disease

A

sickle cell anemia

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44
Q

can migrate out of the bloodstream

A

leukocytes

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45
Q

movement of leukocytes

A

ameboid

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46
Q

are attracted to a specific stimuli

A

leukocytes

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47
Q

process of leukocytes against pathogens

A

phagocytosis

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48
Q

classification acording to granulated cytoplasm

A

granulocytes
agranulocytes

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49
Q

most common WBC in circulation (60-70 percent)

A

neutrophil

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50
Q

has 3 to 5 lobes in nucleus

A

neutrophils

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51
Q

first responder of immune cells

A

neutrophils

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52
Q

main cells found in pus

A

neutrophils

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53
Q

Identify the WBCs

A

+1

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54
Q

2-4 of total WBCs

A

Eosinophil

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55
Q

bilobed nucleus

A

Eosinophils

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56
Q

cytoplasmic granules stain red

A

eosinophils

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57
Q

active against parasitic information

A

eosinophil

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58
Q

seomtime overreactive to foreign bodies

A

eosinophils

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59
Q

about 1% of total WBCs

A

basophils

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60
Q

nucleus is s-shaped

A

basophil

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61
Q

cytoplasmic granules stain dark purple

A

basophil

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62
Q

best associated with asthma

A

basophil

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63
Q

20-25 total WBCs

A

lymphocytes

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64
Q

nucleus is spherical

A

lymphocytes

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65
Q

thin rim of light blue cytoplasm becomes visible when stained

A

lymphocytes

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66
Q

main functional unit of immune system

A

lymphocytes

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67
Q

destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells

A

NK cells

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68
Q

involved in the production of circulating antibodiesa

A

B cells

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69
Q

invovled in cell mediated immunity

A

t cells

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70
Q

largest WBC making up 3 to 8 total WBCs

A

monocytes

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71
Q

U-shaped nucleus

A

monocytes

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72
Q

light blue to purple cytoplasm becomes visible when stained

A

monocytes

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73
Q

motile phagocytic cells

A

monocytes

74
Q

precursor of macrophages

A

monocytes

75
Q

monocytes in the liver

A

kupffer cells

76
Q

monocytes in lungs

A

alveolar macrophage

77
Q

monocytes in spleen

A

splenic macrophages

78
Q

macrophages in perotioneal area

A

peritoneal macrophage

79
Q

macrophage in CNS

A

microglial cells

80
Q

macrophages in skin

A

langerhans cell

81
Q

elevated neutrophil count

A

neutrophilia

82
Q

elevated eosinophil counte

A

eosinophilia

83
Q

elevated lymphocytes

A

lymphocytosis

84
Q

elevated leukocyte count corresponding to malignant cells

A

leukemias

85
Q

reduced neutrophil count

A

neutropenia

86
Q

a disorder in which your blood doesn’t have enough white blood cells called lymphocytes

A

lymphocytopenia

87
Q

fragments of large multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes, located in red bone marrow

A

thrombocytes

88
Q

function in blood clotting, coagulation to prevent excessive blood loss

A

thrombocytes

89
Q

involve a positive feedback mechanism based on the interaction of a variety of substances, including plasma proteins and chemicals released by platelets and damage body cells

A

hemostasis

90
Q

contraction to reduce clot size

A

thrombocyte

91
Q

reduced platelet count

A

thrombocytopenia

92
Q

determines the percentage of whole blood that is made up of RBCs

A

hematocrit test

93
Q

diagnostic cells determining the percentage of each white blood cell type in a blood sample

A

differential WBC count

94
Q

study normal values of WBCs

A

+1

95
Q

is a blood test. It’s used to look at overall health and find a wide range of conditions, including anemia, infection and leukemia.

A

complete blood count

96
Q

determine which antigenic molecules are present on the surface of RBCs

A

blood typing

97
Q

It is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood

A

hematology

98
Q

It is consist of blood plasma and blood corpuscles.

A

blood

99
Q

The total circulating blood volume is about _% of the total body weight of an organism.

A

8

100
Q

A pale yellowish part of the blood

A

blood plasma

101
Q

It is made up of 90% water and 10% dissolved substances.

A

plamsa

102
Q

Its dissolved substances is made of nutrients, waste products, soluble proteins (albumin), and hormones.

A

blood plasma

103
Q

It is consist of three different types of blood cells and these are

A

blood corpuscles

104
Q

three type of blood corpuscles

A

RBC
WBC
Blood Platelet

105
Q

Circular, flattened, biconcave in shape and no nucleus present that is about 2µm in diameter.

A

red blood cells

106
Q

It is elastic so it can squeeze through narrow capillaries.

A

RBCs

107
Q

The number of RBC depends on age, sex, and health of a person

A

RBCs

108
Q

The total life span of a RBC is about 120 days
It is continuously produced in the red bone

A

RBCs

109
Q

And it worn out RBC are destroyed in the ___ and the ___.

A

liver
spleen

110
Q

primary function of RBC

A

deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and eliminate carbon dioxide

111
Q

It contains ____ where oxygen binds.

A

hemoglobin

112
Q

determine WBC type (5 pics)

A

+1

113
Q

A colorless cell that contain nucleus and granular pigments on its cytoplasm.

A

white blood cells

114
Q

Few in number than the RBC, usually 700:1 RBC to WBC ratio.

A

WBC

115
Q

bone marrow origin

A

granulocytes

116
Q

lymphoid tissue origin

A

agranulocytes

117
Q

Its function is to protect the body from diseases caused by certain microorganisms and antigens.

A

WBCs

118
Q

The number of ___ increases when the body becomes infected by certain antigens.

A

WBC

119
Q

They are not true cells, they are just fragments of cytoplasm from megakaryocytes.

A

blood platelets

120
Q

They contribute in clotting or coagulation mechanism of blood (HEMOSTASIS).

A

blood platelets

121
Q

is a test to measures red blood cell (RBC) resistance to hemolysis when exposed to a series of increasingly dilute saline solutions. This term refers to the susceptibility of red cells to being broken down by osmotic stress.

A

osmotic fragility

122
Q

This term refers to the breaking down (bursting) of red cells resulting in release of Hb into the surrounding fluid

A

hemolysis

123
Q

conditions linked with increased osmotic fragility

A

hereditary spherocytosis

124
Q

conditions linked with decreased osmotic fragility

A

sickle cell anemia
iron deficiency anemia
thalessemia

125
Q

Osmotic Fragility and Hemolysis

interpretation

A

The color of the supernatant in the test tubes reflects the degree of red blood cell hemolysis. A clear supernatant initially indicates successful removal of hemoglobin from other cell components during washing. As the concentration of NaCl solution in the tubes decreases (moving from tube 5 to 1), the supernatant transitions to pink and then uniformly red. This signifies increasing hemolysis with higher hemoglobin concentrations in the supernatant.

126
Q

osmotic pressure and red blood cell type interpretation

A

Centrifugation revealed the influence of the solution’s tonicity on red blood cells. Tubes 1-5 (lower distilled water volume) displayed hypertonicity, causing the cells to shrink and form a pellet at the bottom. Conversely, tubes 8-10 (higher distilled water volume) were hypotonic, leading to cell swelling and potential lysis (hemolysis) due to excessive water influx. Tube 6, with equal parts NaCl solution and water, achieved isotonicity, maintaining the natural shape of the red blood cells and likely resulting in a smaller pellet. Notably, individual variations in red blood cell size and the amount of blood collected per tube can affect the size and volume of the pellet observed.

127
Q
  1. Explain the reaction of the blood to the anti-sera used in the experiment.
A

The agglutinations formed when a certain anti-serum was dropped into the blood is due to its reaction with the corresponding antigens that is present on the surface of the red blood cells. For instance, Bea’s RBCs have antigens B on its surface, and when the anti-B serum was added on a sample of her blood, agglutinations occur which lead to her RBCs’ clumping. On the other hand, Jasmine’s RBCs neither have antigens A nor antigens B causing no agglutinations to occur when anti-A and anti=B serums were added to a sample of her blood.

128
Q
  1. What is the importance of determining a patient’s bleeding and clotting time specially before surgical operation?
A

It is essential to determine the patient’s bleeding and clotting times prior to the procedure as it determines the effectiveness of a patient’s hemostatic system and forecasts the risk of excessive bleeding during and after surgery. Tests for clotting time (CT) and bleeding time (BT) are important in assessing pre-operative hemostasis, although their effectiveness has been questioned because of their sensitivity and accuracy issues. These tests aid in the diagnosis of clotting factor deficiencies, genetic coagulation abnormalities, prolonged bleeding, delayed clotting time, and blood clotting disorders. These tests can produce abnormal results that point to vitamin K insufficiency, coagulation pathway problems, hereditary illnesses, and platelet-related disorders.

129
Q
  1. What is hemostasis? What are the events involved in this process?
A

Homeostasis alludes to the balance of bodily functions necessary for a body to survive and operate, which allows it to adapt to external factors and maintain a steady internal environment. Additionally, homeostasis acts as the body’s natural reaction to injury. The events involved in this process are vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation (blood clotting), and fibrinolysis. Blood flow is restricted by vascular spasm, platelets aggregate, and the von Willebrand factor reinforces the plug. The coagulation cascade is triggered by coagulation factors, resulting in the creation of fibrin and fibrinolysis, which ultimately returns the vessel to its initial condition. All together, these phases help prevent bleeding and commence the healing process following an injury.

130
Q

Also known as a full blood count, is a set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person’s blood.

A

complete blood count

131
Q

indicates the counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin, and the hematocrit.

A

CBC

132
Q

markings of 0.5-1-101
large bulb
red bead
red mouth piece

A

RBC pipette

133
Q

markings of 0.5-1-11
small bulb
white bead
white mouth piece

A

WBC pipette

134
Q

know the parts of pipette

A

+1

135
Q

mixing blood and dilating fluid

A

bulb

136
Q

helps in mixing the blood with diluting fluid, indicates the bulb is dry or wet

A

bead

137
Q

a tool used for manual cell counting

A

hemocytometer

138
Q

determine counting area in hemotcytometer

A

+1

139
Q

blood test that measures the number of red blood cells in your blood.

A

RBC counting

140
Q

RBC counting grids include

A

1st
5th
13th
21
25

141
Q

RBC count per cu.mm

A

No of cells counted x dilution factor x depth factor / area counted

142
Q

study total RBC count formula

A

+1

143
Q

shorcut method for total RBC count

A

sum of no of cells in 5 squares x 10000

144
Q

total RBC count is 4.7-6.1

what sex

A

male

145
Q

total RBC count is 4.2-5.4

which sex

A

female

146
Q

low RBC count

A

erythropenia

147
Q

high RBC count

A

polycythemia

148
Q

blood test that measures the number of white blood cells in your blood.

A

WBC counting

149
Q

study how to compute WBC count

A

+1

150
Q

low total WBC count

A

leukopenia

151
Q

high total WBC count

A

leukocytosis

152
Q

Isthe percentage by volume of red cells in your blood.

A

hematocrit

153
Q

depressed hematocrit

A

anemia

154
Q

elevated hematocrit

A

polycythemia

155
Q

percentage of hematocrit in males

A

42-52p

156
Q

perecentage of hematocit in females

A

37-47

157
Q

is specifically used for white blood cell counts. It contains acetic acid, which acts as a lysing agent. This lyses (breaks down) the red blood cells and platelets in the blood sample. Additionally, Turk’s solution includes a stain that targets the nuclei of white blood cells, making them readily visible for counting under a microscope.

A

turk’s solution

158
Q

, is ideal for red blood cell counts. It’s an isotonic solution, meaning it has the same osmotic pressure as blood. This prevents hemolysis (rupture) of red blood cells, which would compromise the accuracy of the count. Grower’s solution also avoids artifacts like rouleaux formation (clumping of RBCs) that can occur with normal saline, further enhancing the reliability of the RBC coun

A

grower’s solution

159
Q

In the calculation of the RBC count, the factor 10,000 was used while for the WBC, 50 was used as the factor? Explain how these factors were derived

A

The factors 10,000 and 50 used to calculate the RBC count and WBC count, respectively, were based on the dilution and conversion process. For red blood cells, the blood is diluted with a ration of 1:200, and the factor 10,000 is used to convert the count observed in the hemocytometer to the count per cubic millimeter of the original blood sample. For white blood cells on the other hand, the blood is diluted, 1:20, with 50 as the factor used to convert the count observed in the hemocytometer to the count per cubic millimeter of the original blood sample. This difference in factors of RBCs and WBCs counts is essntial because it helps us accurately measure and compare the number of cells in the blood.

160
Q

nornal value of RBC count

A

3.5 million - 5.5 million

161
Q

normal WBC count

A

4500-11,000

162
Q

Give examples of medical conditions where the RBC counts are decreased or increased.

A

Reduced red blood cell (RBC) counts are related to several medical conditions, such as anemias (iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, bone marrow disease-associated anemia, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia), malnourishment, pregnancy, overhydration, hemolysis, severe bleeding, autoimmune diseases, chronic alcoholism, toxic chemical exposure, and genetic/family history. While dehydration, stress high altitude, smoking, low oxygen levels, polycythemia vera, certain drugs, renal cell carcinoma, and other cancers that produce erythropoietin can all contribute to an increased red blood cell count.

163
Q

Enumerate medical conditions where the WBC counts are decreased or increased.

A

Medical conditions associated with decreased WBC counts (leukopenia) include autoimmune disorders (lupus), bone marrow disorders or damage, lymphoma, severe infections, liver and spleen disease, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, alcoholism, malaria, and AIDS. On the other hand, medical conditions associated with increased WBC include the intake of certain drugs or medicines (corticosteroids, epinephrine, NSAID drugs), tuberculosis, sepsis, fever, injury or burn, pregnancy, allergies, asthma, recent vaccination, smoking, leukemia, obesity, among others.

164
Q

What is your computed % hematocrit compared with the normal value?

A

The computed % hematocrit is 66.67 %.
The height of the column compoed of the packed cells is 2 cm.
The height of the column of the total volume is 3 cm.

165
Q

indicates a lower percentage of red blood cells. The condition implies various complications; however, it often points to anemia, wherein the body lacks enough red blood cells to carry oxygen effectively.

A

low hematocrit level

166
Q

ange from 41% to 50% in men and 36% to 44% in women. When the hematocrit level drops below the stated normal range, the person has too few red blood cells or anemia. The most common cause of the condition is the lack of vitamin B12 or folate, a nutrient essential for red blood cell production. Anemia often causes fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, and paleness.

A

normal hematocrit level

167
Q

A colorless cell that contain nucleus and granular pigments on its cytoplasm.

A

WBCs

168
Q

Protects the body either via Cell mediated or Antibody mediated immune response

A

WBCs

169
Q

conditions that typically cause elevations include allergic conditions and leukemias

A

basohpils

170
Q

conditions that typically cause elevations include allergic conditions, dermatologic conditions, eosinophilic esopagitis, idiopathic hyperosinophilic syndrome, malignancies

A

eosinophils

171
Q

conditions that typically cause elevations include acute or chronic leukemia, hypersensitivity reaction

A

lymphocytes

172
Q

conditions that typically cause elevations include autoimmune disease, infections, splenectomy

A

monocytes

173
Q

conditions that typically cause elevations include bone marrow stimulation, chronic infection, congenital infection, medication induced

A

neutrophils

174
Q

. How does your differential WBC count correlate with the percentages given for each type of WBC?

A

A blood differential test or differential white blood cell (WBC) count is a laboratory test measuring the percentage of each type of WBC in the blood. Various medical conditions are easily monitored simply by comparing percentages of the different types of WBCs. The test is utilized primarily to diagnose or monitor conditions such as infection, anemia, or leukemia. The test also reveals the presence of abnormal or immature cells. Normal results[1] display 40-60% neutrophils, 20-40% lymphocytes, 2-8% monocytes, 1-4% eosinophils, and 0.5-1% basophils. Comparing the normal values to our obtained data, there is a notable increase in the percentage of eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Notably, there is also a decrease in the percentage of neutrophils. An increased percentage of eosinophils may be due to Addison disease, where adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. An increased percentage of basophils may indicate myeloproliferative diseases or a group of bone marrow diseases. An increased percentage of lymphocytes may signal the presence of chronic bacterial infection, tuberculosis, lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and viral infections. An increased percentage of monocytes may be due to chronic inflammatory disease and viral infections. On the other hand, a decreased percentage of neutrophils may be due to aplastic anemia, influenza, sepsis, and radiation therapies.

175
Q

Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage

acute appendicitis

A

neutrophils

176
Q

Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage

acute infection

A

neutrophils

177
Q

Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage

leukemia

A

lymphocytes

178
Q

Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage

allergic reactions

A

eosinophils

179
Q

Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage

parasitic infections

A

eosinophils

180
Q

Significant elevations of different types of WBCs usually indicate specific pathological conditions. In each of the conditions below, indicate on the blank which WBC type wil have an elevated percentage
c

chronic infections

A

monocytes

181
Q

s defined by an unusually low concentration of white blood cells in the blood, which raises the risk of infection. The causes of leukopenia include reduced blood cell production by factors such as aplastic anemia, myelokathexis, and vitamin or mineral deficiencies. Increased usage and destruction as a result of infections, drugs, malignancy, hypersplenism, and immune neutropenia. Autoimmune conditions can also harm white blood cells and bone marrow cells. Additionally, treatments for cancer such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplants can result in leukopenia as a side effect. Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and TB can impair the bone marrow’s capacity to generate white blood cells. Congenital disorders, hypersplenism, sarcoidosis, medicines, starvation, and severe infections can all induce leukopenia.

A

leukopenia

general physiology (15 decks)

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