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General Physiology > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

liquid by-product of the body secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination

A

urine

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2
Q

where the urine is excreted

A

urethra

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3
Q

consist of sterile waste products composed of water-soluble soluble nitrogen products

A

urine

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4
Q

processed form of ammonia that is non-toxic to maammals

A

urea

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5
Q

average urine volume per day

A

1.4 litres

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6
Q

composition of urine

A

uric acid - 0.6
bicarbonate ions - 1.2
creatinine 2.7
potassium ions 3.2
sodium ions 4.1
chloride ions 6.6
urea 25.5

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7
Q

average urinary input in adults is

A

600 to 2000mL

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8
Q

volume varies due to fluit intake, diet, and climate

A

urinary input

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9
Q

normal urine volume

A

1.2-2.L/day

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10
Q

> 2000mL/day urine output

A

polyuria

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11
Q

<500ml/day urine output

A

oliguria

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12
Q

increased water ingestion
diabetes mellitus and insipidus

A

polyuria

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13
Q

dehydration
shock
acute glomerulonephritis
renal failure

A

oliguria

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14
Q

total suppression of urine <100ml/day

A

anuria

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15
Q

indication of renal shutdown

A

anuria

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16
Q

often a diagnostic feature for many disease conditions

A

urine

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17
Q

known as UA or routine and microscopy (R&M)

A

urinalysis

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18
Q

target parameters and properties of urine

A

physical properties
chemical properties
microscopic parameters

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19
Q

how is urine collected for UA

A

midstream (first morning, random, clean catch)
catheterized
plastic bag
postprandial

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20
Q

during or relating to the period after dinner or lunch.

A

postprandial

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21
Q

must be collected in volumetric containers

A

urine

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22
Q

to get accurate results, urine samples must be tested in the laboratory within __ hours of collection

A

2

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23
Q

preserve urine if not tested for 2 hours

A

refrigeration

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24
Q

identified by vision and olfaction

A

gross inspection

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25
Q

gross inspection can have:

A

color
clarity
odor
volume

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26
Q

influenced by medical conditions, medications, and ingested food

A

color

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27
Q

norma urine color is

A

pale yellow or amber

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28
Q

pigment in urine

A

urochrome

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29
Q

urine apperance determines the presence of substances

A

clarity

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30
Q

normal urine is usually

A

transparent

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31
Q

may be foamy due to speed of urination, but frequent frothy appearance may be due to abundance of

A

protein/bilirubin

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32
Q

study gross inspection of clarity

A

+1

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33
Q

smell of urine may provide health information

A

odor

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34
Q

has typical aromatic odor due to volatile organic acids

A

odor

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35
Q

urea develops an ammoniacal odor due to the decomposition of ____ (resulting in ammonia) after standing

A

urea

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36
Q

check the possible odors

A

+1

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37
Q

exposes urine to strips that react if the urine contains certain cells or molecules

A

test strip urinalysis

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38
Q

physical routine analysis includes

A

specific gravity
pH level

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39
Q

chemical routine analysis

A

protein
glucose
ketone
bilirubin
urobilinogen
nitrite
leukocyte esterase

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40
Q

study the testing nad reading time

A

+1

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41
Q

comparison of the density of urine gainst the density of distilled water at a particular temperature

A

specific gravity

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42
Q

normal SG ranges from what

A

1.001 to 1.035

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43
Q

dependent on solute such as urea and sodium

A

specific gravity

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44
Q

increases as the solute concentration increases

A

specific gravity

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45
Q

increased SG

A

hypersthenuria

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46
Q

decreased specific gravity

A

hyposthenuria

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47
Q

low and fixed SG at 1.010

A

isosthenuria

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48
Q

depends on diet, acid-base balance, water balance, and renal tubular function

A

pH

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49
Q

normal pH values range from

A

4.6 to 8

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50
Q

acidic urine indicats

A

ketosis
high protein diet

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51
Q

alkaline urine indicates

A

chronic renal failure
vegetarian diet
severe vimiting

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52
Q

kidneys excrete a small amount of ___ in urine

A

protein

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53
Q

the amount of protein is normally up to ___mg/24hours

A

150 mg

54
Q

tamm-horsfall protein indicate what

A

tubular injury

55
Q

proteinuria can be an indication of what damage

A

glomerular
tubular
overflow

56
Q

freely filtered through the glomerulus, but almost all is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

A

glucose

57
Q

normal glucose in urine ranges from __mg/dL

A

25

58
Q

defines the presence of reducing sugars in the urine, such as glucose, galactose, lactose, fructose, etc.

A

glycosuria

59
Q

glycosuria indicates

A

hyperglycemia
proximal renal tubule dysfunction

60
Q

highly sensitive for hemoglobin and myoglobin

A

heme

61
Q

clinical implications of heme

A

hematuria
rhabdomyolysis
contamination with semen

62
Q

enzyme released by white blood cells, used for qualitative measurement of WBCs

A

esterase

63
Q

usually graded as low to high (1 to 4)

A

esterase

64
Q

clinical implications of esterase traces include

A

UTIs
pyuria

65
Q

detect the presence of enteriobacteriaceae

A

nitrites

66
Q

which converts nitrates to nitrites

A

enteriobacteriaceae

67
Q

usually tested as + or - implicating UTIs or nitrituria

A

nitrites

68
Q

breakdown products of fatty acids and their presence in urine is indicative of excessive fatty acid metabolism

A

ketones

69
Q

normally not detected in urine of healthy individuals

A

ketones

70
Q

include acetoacetic acid, B-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone

A

ketones

71
Q

happens when you have high levels of ketones in your urine.

A

ketonuria

72
Q

pigment that is a breakdown product of hemoglobin

A

bilirubin

73
Q

not water soluble, bound to albumin

which kind of bilirubin

A

unconjugated

74
Q

water soluble, filtered by glomeruli

A

conjugatedu

75
Q

undetectable in normal individuals, clinical implications include

A

bilirubinuria

76
Q

conjugated bilirubin is converted by bacteria to urobilinogen

A

urobilinogen

77
Q

about how much urobilinogen is excreted in urine in 25 hours

A

0.5 to 4mg

78
Q

diurnal with highest levels in the afternoon

A

urobilinogen

79
Q

+ urobilinogen indicates

A

hepatitis or cirrhosis

80
Q

can yield a great detail of information and may suggest a specific diagnosis

A

microscopy

81
Q

RBCs
WBCs
epithelial cells
bacteria
yeast
parasites
Tamm-horsfall mucoprotein

what kind of substances

A

organized

82
Q

crystals, ion concentration, pH levels

what kind of substrances

A

unorganized

83
Q

highly unorganized microscopic substances composed of small number of different ions and molecules

A

crystals

84
Q

formation is most dependent upon the conecntration of ions and urine pH

A

crystals

85
Q

smal amounts of most types of crystals are not ___ pathologic

A

necessarily

86
Q

these are long, cylindrical structures formed in the renal tubules due to precipitation of tamm-horsfall mucoprotein

A

casts

87
Q

formation is promoted by conecntration and/or acidic urine

A

casts

88
Q

described based on the elements embedded withi the protein matrix

A

casts

89
Q

the chemical, physical, and microscopic evaluation of urine.

A

urinalysis

90
Q

used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes.

A

urinalysis

91
Q

To collect a urine sample you should:

A

label a sterile, screw-top container with your name, date of birth and the date
wash your hands (and genitals if possible)
start to pee and collect either a “first-catch” or a “mid-stream” sample of urine in the container – you will be told which type to collect
screw the lid of the container shut
wash your hands thoroughly

92
Q

means you don’t collect the first or last part of urine that comes out.
this reduces the risk of the sample being contaminated with bacteria from: (1) your hands and (2) the skin around the urethra.

A

mid stream urine sample

93
Q

means you catch the first part of the urine that comes out.

A

first catch urine sample

94
Q

The test strips consist of narrow plastic ribbons with absorbent pads attached to one side.
The pads contain chemicals that react and change color after being immersed in urine.

A

urine test strip

95
Q

The test pad measures leukocyte esterase in the urine released by white blood cells (WBCs). Elevated levels of urine WBCs (pyuria) indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI).

A

leukocytes

96
Q

The test pad measures nitrites in the urine that form when an enzyme is released from bacteria. A positive result (nitrituria) indicates a urinary tract infection (UTI).

A

nitrites

97
Q

The test pad measures urobilinogen in the urine that has entered the urinary tract from the bloodstream. Bacteria in the intestines make urobilinogen from bilirubin, which is in the bile produced by the liver. Elevated levels of urine urobilinogen indicate liver disease and dysfunction.

A

urobilinogen

98
Q

measures urine albumins that have entered the urinary tract from the bloodstream. Elevated urine proteins (proteinuria) indicate kidney disease or immune disorders

A

protein

99
Q

indicates kidney damage, urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney or bladder stones, kidney or bladder cancer, or blood disorders

blood in urine

A

hmeaturia

100
Q

measures urine particle concentration. The test value indicates the blood hydration level.

A

specific gravity

101
Q

Urine with a specific gravity of 1.000 -1.010

A

overyhydration

102
Q

indicates dehydration

A

1.025-1.030

103
Q

measures urine ketones that have entered the urinary tract from the bloodstream

A

ketones

104
Q

are produced in the liver from the breakdown of fats when glucose is not available to the cells for energy.

A

ketones

105
Q

usually indicate type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus. An accumulation of ketones in the blood can lead to ketoacidosis

A

ketonuria

106
Q

pad measures bilirubin in the urine that has entered the urinary tract from the bloodstream

A

bilirubin

107
Q

is produced by the liver during the breakdown of heme from RBCs and then released in the bile.

A

bilirubin

108
Q

indicate liver disease or blockage of the bile duct

A

bilirubinuria

109
Q

measures urine glucose that has entered the urinary tract from the bloodstream.

A

glucose

110
Q

enters the urine when the blood glucose exceeds ~ 180mg/dL.

A

glucose

111
Q

elevated urine glucose levels (glucosuria) usually indicate

A

type 1 or 2 diabetes

112
Q

determines the physical properties of urine, such as volume, color, clarity, and odor

A

macroscopic exam

113
Q

The process is performed without instruments, using only the unaided eyes and nose

A

macroscopic exam

114
Q

It is the urine produced over 24 hours, which usually ranges from 0.8 Liters (800 ml) to 2 Liters (2000 ml).

A

urine volume

115
Q

) can indicate possible chronic kidney disease.

A

low urine volume/oliguria

116
Q

can indicate diabetes, increased fluid intake, or possible kidney disease.

A

high urine volume/polyuria

117
Q

The color of urine is

A

pale yellow

118
Q

can result from particular foods, dehydration, infections, organ dysfunction, and medications

A

urine color changes

119
Q

color of urine due to medications, carotene, b vitamins, or bilirubin

A

orange

120
Q

Refers to its turbidity or transparency,

A

urine clarity

121
Q

is usually translucent (clear) but can become increasingly opaque or cloudy as the number of solid particles in the urine increases.

A

urine

122
Q

A high concentration of crystals (related to dehydration, certain foods, or urine pH), white blood cells (related to urinary tract infections), or elevated glucose (related to diabetes) can cause the urine to become ___

A

cloudy

123
Q

result from elevated glucose or ketones in the urine due to diabetes

what smell of urine

A

sweet or fruity

124
Q

result from dehydration, which increases urine concentration

what kind of urine

A

ammonia

125
Q

result from urinary tract infections, medications, or certain foods

what kind of urine odor

A

pungent or foul

126
Q

is a procedure to determine ifcells,crystals,casts, andmicroorganismsare present in the urine.

A

microscopic exam

127
Q

If performed manually, the examination begins by placing about 10 milliliters of urine in a glass tube, then centrifuging the contents for about 5 minutes.

A

microscopic exam

128
Q

appear in the urine when particular substances become too concentrated, and they aggregate to form larger solids, often due to dehydration.

A

crystals

129
Q

are relatively large cylindrical structures, each having a matrix made of glycoproteins (Tamm-Horsfall proteins).

A

casts

130
Q

are usually not in the urine (presence indicate Urinary Tract Infections).

A

microorganisms

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