Lymphatic Physiology Flashcards
Fluid found immediately around cells
instertitial fluid
Interstitial fluid which flows in lymphatic vessels is called
lymph
Both interstitial fluid and lymph are similar in composition to plasma, but contain less ____
protein
Approximately ___liters per day of fluid seeps from the blood into the tissue.
20
This fluid and protein must be returned to the ____ ____to maintain normal blood volume and homeostasis.
cardiovascular system
When plasma is filtered by flood capillaries, it passes into the interstitial spaces and becomes
instertitial fluid
When this fluid passes into the lymphatic capillaries, it is called
lymph
Lymphatic vessels begin as
lymph capillaries
microscopic vessels between cells)
lymph capillaries
found throughout the body with the exception of the central nervous system, bone marrow, portions of the spleen, and tissues that lack blood vessels.
lymph capillaries
merge to form larger lymphatic vessels, which in turn, converge to form lymphatic ducts
lymph capillaries
drain the lymph into the left and right subclavian veins, respectively.
lymphatic ducts
have thinner walls and more valves than veins.
lymphatic vessels
drains into the left subclavian vein
thoracic duct
drains into the right subclavian vein.
right lymphatic duct
Lymph flows primarily as a result of
skeletal muscle contractions and respiratory movements
aided by valves located within the lymphatic vessels
lymph flow
lymphatic organs are
thymus
lymphatic nodes
spleen
lymph nodules
bone marrow
functions in immunity by the production and distribution of T-cells. It is located posterior to the sternum and medial to the lungs.
thymus
are oval structures located along the length of lymphatic vessels which are scattered throughout the body.
lymph nodes
Lymph enters the nodes through
afferent lymphatic vessels
lymph exits through
efferent lymphatic vessels
lymph passing through the ___ it is filtered to remove foreign substances
nodes
Lymph nodes also produce
lymphocytes
is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body and is found between the stomach and the diaphragm.
spleen
The spleen functions to produce
b-cells, antibodies, t-cells
is also a storage organ for blood.
spleen
are egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue which are present in the gastrointestinal tract, urinary and reproductive tracts, and comprise the tonsils.
lymphatic nodules
are multiple aggregations of large lymphatic nodules embedded in mucous membranes.
tonsils
three tonsils
pharyngeal
palatine
lingual
are strategically situated to protect against antigens that enter the oropharynx and nasopharynx and function to produce lymphocytes and antibodies.
tonsils
The ability to ward off disease is called The lack of resistance is called
susceptibility
is inherited and refers to a wide variety of body responses against a wide range of pathogens, toxins, or disease-producing organisms.
innate immunity
the ability to produce antibodies or cells against specific pathogens.
adaptive immunity
includes a number of physical and chemical factors, as well as phagocytosis, natrual killer cells, inflammation, and fever.
innate immunity
include skin, mucous membranes, and lacrimal apparatus, the presence of saliva, mucus, cilia, the flow of urine, defecation, and
what kind of factors
physical
include antimicrobial substances secreted by the skin and acid released by the stomach.
chemical factors
n the blood and tissues such as interferon, complement, transferrins, and ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES work against colonization by viruses and bacteria.
antimicrobial substances
is a nonspecific mechanism by which microorganisms and foreign particles are ingested by natural killer and wandering macrophages.
phatocytosis
serves a protective and defensive role by eliminating microbes or foreign substances from the site of injury, preventing their spread to other organs, and preparing the site for tissue repair. It is an attempt to restore tissue homeostasis.
inflammatory response
occurs when cells are damaged by microbes, physical agents, or chemical agents. The symptoms of inflammation include redness, pain, heat, swelling, and loss of function.
inflammation
may include vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels, fibrin formation, phagocyte migration, and pus formation.
inflammatory response
elevated body temperature, intensifies the effects of interferons and inhibits the growth of some microbes, and speeds up body reactions that aid repair.
fever
to disease involves the production of a specific type of cell (lymphocyte) or a specific type of molecule (antibody) to destroy a particular antigen, and is called
adaptive immunity
are any substances that the immune system recognizes as foreign (nonself).
antigens
are proteins produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. Antibodies recognize and combine with an antigenic binding sites on the surface of the antigen.
antibodies
refers to the destruction of antigens by cytotoxic T-cells. Antibody-mediated immunity refers to the destruction of antigens by antibodies.
cell-mediated immune response
is particularly effective against fungi, parasite, intracellular viral infections, cancer cells, and foreign tissue transplants
cell-mediated immune response
is most effective against viral and bacterial infections.
antibody-mediated immnuity
are responsible for cellular immunity and are processed in the thymus gland.
t-cells
provide antibody-mediated immunity and are processed in the bone marrow, fetal liver tissue and spleen, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
b-cells
process and present antigens to T-cells and B-cells, which induces the proliferation of T-cells and B-cells.
macrophages
subpopulations of t-cells (3)
cytotoxic t-cells
helper t-cellls
memory t-cells
migrate to the site of invasion from the lymphoid tissue and secrete perforin, granulysin, and lymphotoxin that destroys the antigens directly by lysis, and fragmentation of the antigen’s DNA.
cytotoxic t-cells
also called CD4 T cells, cooperate with B-cells to help amplify antibody production and secrete Interleukin-2
helper t-cells
which stimulates the proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells
interleukin-2
recognize antigens to which they have been sensitized, again at a later date. They initiate a far swifter reaction than during the first invasion.
memory t-cells
develop into antibody-producing plasma cells under the influence of thymic hormones, IL-1 and IL-2.
b-cells
recognize the original invading antigen at a time of subsequent exposure.
memory b-cells
produced by plasma cells enter circulation and form antigen-antibody complexes with foreign antigens.
antibodies
These antibodies activate ___ proteins for attack and fix the complement to the surface of the antigen
complement
provides the basis for immunization against certain diseases and is usually swifter and of a greater magnitude than the original antibody response.
secondary response
lowers the body’s immunity by decreasing the number of helper T-cells
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
frequently develop cancer, and become susceptible to opportunistic infections.
AIDS
result when the body does not recognize “self” antigens and produces antibodies against them
autoimmune disease
is overreacting to an antigen. Localized anaphylactic reactions include hay fever, asthma, eczema, and hives.
allergic reaction
cover portions of the circulatory system (i.e. white blood cell circulating)
lymphatic system
-passed on by your mother (inherent), not required to be acquired after birth
-possessed after birth
-does not remain in memory (can still get sick from same kind of pathogens) (e.g. influenza)
innate immunity
fast, non-specific and no memory
innate immunity
does not distinguish enemy from foe
innate immunity
examples include Barriers, pH extremes, phagocytes, NK cells, fever, inflammation, complement, interferon
innate immunity
example of nonspecific manifestation ( composed of dead bacteria, cells, and white blood cells)
pusa
acquired/adapt to protect you from future exposures
adaptive immunbity
slower, specific and has a memory
adaptive immunity
lymphocytes, T-cells and B-cells
adaptive immunity
fluid that lymphocytes carry into
lymph
T stands for
thymus
B stands for
Bursa of fabricius
bone marrow
Reticular connective tissue containing
lymphocytes
lymphatic tissue
3 major body fluids
blood
tissue fluid
lymph
example of lymphatic tissue (not considered an organ)
bone marrow
interstitial fluid in lymphatic vessels
lymph
transport dietary lipids
lymphatic system
Returns excess filtration from capillaries- to
circulation
lymphatic system
◼ Transport dietary lipids
lymphatic system
