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General Physiology > Skin Physiology > Flashcards

Skin Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

change sensory stimuli into nerve signals that are then conveyed to and processed in the CNS

A

sensory receptors

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2
Q

sensory receptors example

A

touch
sound
light
pain
cold and warmth

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3
Q

can cause either an immediate reaction or can be stored

A

sensory receptors

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4
Q

activities in this system are initiated by sensory experience exciting sensory receptors

A

nervous system

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5
Q

receptor for mechanical stress or strain

A

mechanoreceptors

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6
Q

receptor for temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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7
Q

receptor for damage or threat of damage to body tissues

A

nociceptors

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8
Q

receptors for visible light

A

photoreceptors

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9
Q

sense of position receptor

A

proprioceptors

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10
Q

chemical receptor

A

chemoreceptor

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11
Q

blood vessel pressure receptors

A

baroreceptors

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12
Q

humidity receptors

A

hydroreceptors

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13
Q

electrofields receptors

A

electroreceptors

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14
Q

osmolarity of fluids receptors

A

osmoreceptors

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15
Q

infrared radiation receptions

A

infrared receptors

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16
Q

uv radiation receptors

A

ultraviolet receptors

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17
Q

significant as it prevents the nervous system from being bombarded with information about insignificant matters

A

adaptation

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18
Q

sensory receptors adapt either ___ or ____ to any constantly occuring stimulus after a period of time

A

partially
completely

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19
Q

sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulu

A

tonic receptor

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20
Q

sensory receptor that adopts rapidly to a stimulus

A

phasic receptor

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21
Q

classification of receptors based on location

A

exteroreceptors
interoreceptors
cutaneous
deep

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22
Q

Any receptor that detects external stimuli.

A

exteroreceptors

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23
Q

examples are the thermoreceptors in the skin, which monitor the temperature of the external environment.

A

exteroreceptors

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24
Q

re molecular sensors or receptors in neurons that directly detect various interoceptive signals, and transduce them into electrical, hormonal, or other non-neural signals to be integrated and interpreted by the brain.

A

interoceptors

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25
Q

skin tactile sensibilities in the epidermis and dermis

what kind of receptor

A

mechanoreceptors

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26
Q

example of mechano receptors in epidermis and dermis

A

Merkel’s disks
Meissner’s corpuscles

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27
Q

example of deep tissue sensibilities receptors

A

Ruffini’s endings
Pacinian corpuscles

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28
Q

a main type of tactile end organ highly abundant in human fingertips, whisker hair follicles, touch domes and other tactile-sensitive spots throughout mammalian bodies

A

merkel disc

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29
Q

consist of a cutaneous nerve ending responsible for transmitting the sensations of fine, discriminative touch and vibration.

A

meissner corpuscles

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30
Q

slow adapting, encapsulated receptors that respond to skin stretch and are present in both the glabrous and hairy skin. -

A

ruffini endings

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31
Q

an encapsulated ending of a sensory nerve that acts as a receptor for pressure and vibration.

A

pacinian corpuscle

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32
Q

thermoreceptors (2)

A

cold receptors
warm receptors

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33
Q

receptors from 5 to 35 degrees celsius

A

cold receptors

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34
Q

receptors from 30 to 45

A

warm receptors

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35
Q

sensory fibers that respond to stimuli that are potentially damaging to the organism.

A

nociceptors

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36
Q

free nerve endings can be (2)

A

myelinated
unmyelinated

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37
Q

slowly-adapting small receptive fields

a. merkel’s dics
b. ruffini’s ending
c. meissner’s corpuscle
d. pacinian corpuscle

A

merkel’s disc

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38
Q

rapidly adapting, small receptive fields

a. merkel’s dics
b. ruffini’s ending
c. meissner’s corpuscle
d. pacinian corpuscle

A

meissner’s corpuscle

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39
Q

slowly adapting, large receptive fields

a. merkel’s dics
b. ruffini’s ending
c. meissner’s corpuscle
d. pacinian corpuscle

A

ruffini’s ending

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40
Q

large receptive, rapidly adapting

a. merkel’s dics
b. ruffini’s ending
c. meissner’s corpuscle
d. pacinian corpuscle

A

pacinian corpuscle

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41
Q

free nerve endings characterize what receptors (2)

A

nociceptors
thermoreceptors

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42
Q

consist of remaining types of cutaneous receptors

A

encapsulated receptors

43
Q

exist for specialized functioning

A

encapsulation

44
Q

location of two point sensibility

A

back of neck
fingertip
forearm
tip of nose
palm of hand
tongue
upper arm
thigh area
leg area

45
Q

areas of the body having many touch receptors that have a finer sense of “feel” or tactile discrimination

A

fingers

46
Q

representation of the human body with proportions determined by cortical representation of distinct body areas

A

homunculus

47
Q

will show a short burst of action potentials when the stimulus is first applied on the skin, but then they will cease firing despite the continuous application of the rod

A

slow adapting (SA) fibers

48
Q

receptors involved in what adapt slowly

A

proprioception

49
Q

start firing action potentials (or increase) their firing rate at the onset of the stimulus and continue to fire until the stimulus ends

A

rapid adapting (RA) fibers

50
Q

receptors involved in light touch are what kind of fibers

rate of adaptation

A

rapid adapting fibers

51
Q

region of skin from which stimuli can evoke a response

A

receptive fields

52
Q

two types of receptive fields

A

type 1
type 2

53
Q

have small receptive fields with well-defined borders (ex. glabrous or hairless skin)

A

type 1 units

54
Q

have wider receptive fields with poorly defined borders and only a single point of maximal sensitivity, from which there is a gradual reduction in sensitivity with distance

A

type 2 units

55
Q

shortest distances between two points that can be felt like two points

A

two point tresholds

56
Q

study two point touch tresholds

A

+1

57
Q

tactile localization include

A

plam
fingertips
forearm (dorsal and ventral)
lips
thigh region

58
Q

what area should serve with neurons that have small receptive fields

A

high tactile acuity

59
Q

varies with location although touch sense is easily localized

A

tactile acuity

60
Q

generally, the greater the neural representation of a bodily area, the less likely are _____ ____

A

localization errors

61
Q

describes the ability of the subject’s senses to feel the pressure made by placing coins inside the antecubital fossa

A

touch receptors adaptation

62
Q

the time of pressure sensation ntil it was no longer felt was recorded

what kind of sensation assessment

A

touch receptor adaptation

63
Q

free nerve endings that wrap around the bases of hair follicles.

A

Peritrichial nerve endings

64
Q

hair receptors that monitor the moevment of hairs

A

peritrichial endings

65
Q

what part of the subject were applied with increasing weight in sensation intensity difference

A

distal phalanges

66
Q

significant to determine the discrimination threshold of the subject or to identify whether he can tell apart, or discriminate, two things that differ by only a slight addition of weight

A

Weber’s law

67
Q

the smallest detectable addition of weight aboev whatever the initial intensity was

A

discrimination threshold

68
Q

a subject cannot easily tell whether one stimulus felt twice, half, or three-quarters as strong as nother

A

weber’s law

69
Q

gradations of stimulus strength are discriminated and approximately in proportion to the

A

logarithm of stimulus strength

70
Q

proportional to equal addition of sensation

A

equal relative addition

71
Q

subject was asked to dip each of her hands in two beakers with cold and warm water

A

temperature adaptation

72
Q

factors that affect temperature adaptation

A

-subject’s body temperature
-number and density of thermoreceptors in the skin

73
Q

maintains a nearly constant body temp which is usually higher than the temp in the environment

A

human body

74
Q

considered as slowly adapting

A

cold thermoreceptor

75
Q

strange phenomenon of perception of pain in one area of the body when another is actually receiving the painful stimulus

A

referred pain

76
Q

happens when afferent-pain conducting fibers from the site of pain converge with afferent-pain conducting fibers of another area on one central neuron

A

referred pain

77
Q

reffered happens when afferent-pain conducting fibers from the site of pain converge with afferent-pain conducting fibers of another area on one central neuron of what tract

A

paleospinothalamic

78
Q

impulses from the site of pain travel in the same central pathway of another area to reach the same final sensory neuron in the ___

A

brain

79
Q

significant in the initial evolution of patients for proper diagnosis and treatment

A

referred pain

80
Q

Largest organ in the body.

A

skin

81
Q

” is what gives our brains a wealth of information about the natural environment, including temperature, humidity, and air pressure

A

sense of touch

82
Q

layer of the skin with dead skin cells, produce melanin, contain touch receptors

A

epidermis

83
Q

layer of the skin with hair follicle, blood vessels, skin glands, nerve endings

A

dermis

84
Q

layer of skin with insulator and energy reserve

A

subcutaneous tissue

85
Q

Responsible for all the sensations we feel – cold, hot, smooth, rough, pressure, tickle, itch, pain, vibrations, and more

A

somatosensory system

86
Q

somatosensory system has four main types of receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Pain receptors
Proprioceptors

87
Q

These receptors perceive sensations such as pressure (indentions), vibrations, and texture

A

mechanoreceptors

88
Q

four types of mechanoreceptors

A

merkel’s disks
meissner’s corpuscles
ruffini’s corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles

89
Q

Found in the very top layers of the dermis and epidermis (2)

A

merkel’s disks and Meissner’s corpuscles

90
Q

Generally found in non-hairy skin such as the palms, lips, tongue, soles of feet, fingertips, eyelids, and the face

A

Merkel’s disks and Meissner’s corpuscles

91
Q

These are rapidly adapting receptors that can perceive when you are touching something and how long the object is touching the skin. (2)

A

merkel’s disks
meissner’s corpuscles

92
Q

Located deeper in the dermis and along joints, tendons, and muscles (2)

A

ruffini’s corpuscles and ruffinian

93
Q

Can feel sensations such as vibrations traveling down bones and tendons, rotational movement of limbs, and the stretching of skin.

A

ruffini’s corpuscles and ruffinian

94
Q

Greatly aids the ability to do physical activities (Ex. walking and playing ball).

A

ruffini’s corpuscles and pacinian corpsucles

95
Q

These receptors perceive sensations related to the temperature of objects the skin feels.

A

thermoreceptors

96
Q

Found in the dermis layer of the skin, and is categorized as hot and cold receptors.

A

thermoreceptors

97
Q

The highest concentration of thermoreceptors can be found in the (2)

A

face
ears

98
Q

Also known as the Nocireceptor.

A

pain receptors

99
Q

Receptors that detects pain or stimuli that can or does cause damage to the skin and other tissues of the body.

A

nocireceptor

100
Q

pain receptors Detect pain that is caused by 3 stimuli

A

mechanical stimuli
thermal stimuli
chemical stimuli

101
Q

These receptors cause a feeling of sharp pain to encourage you to quickly move away from a harmful stimulus.

A

pain receptors

102
Q

These receptors functions with the sense the position of the different parts of the body in relation to each other and the surrounding environment.
p

A

proprioreceptors

103
Q

Found in tendons, muscles, and joint capsules (this location in the body allows these special cells to detect changes in muscle length and muscle tension).

A

proprioceptors

General Physiology (15 decks)

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