HEMATOLOGY - alterations of leukocyte function: a review Flashcards
EXAM 2 content
what are leukocytes? what do they do? normal values? where are they usually act at?
leukocytes = WBCs
- defends against organisms that cause infection + removes debris
- primarily acts in the tissues but transports into circulation
- normal WBC = 5k-10k /uL
what are granulocytes? what are its subcategories? properties?
granulocytes are type of leukocyte (WBC)
- perform phagocytosis
- contains mediators w/inflammatory & immune functions
- has amoeboid movement – migrates thru vessel walls & to sites where action is needed
subcategories:
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
what does neutrophils & eosinophils do? (part of granulocytes)
- neutrophils = chief phagocytes of early inflammation
- eosinophils = releases pro-inflam cytokines + involved in allergic reactions & parasitic infections
what are agranulocytes? subcategories?
a type of leukocyte
- monocytes
- macrophages
- lymphocytes
what does monocytes, macrophages & lymphocytes do?
- monocytes are IMMATURE macrophages that mature into macrophages
macrophages = phagocytosis
- tissue macrophages = inside tissues (liver, spleen, lymph nodes, peritoneum in GI)
- other macrophages = migrates out of blood vessels in RESPONSE to infection or inflammation
lymphocytes = primary cells of immune response
- circulates in blood –> reside in lymphoid tissue as MATURE T cells, B cells or plasma cells
what is leukocytosis? what can it cause?
leukocytosis = WBC is high
- expected protective response to stressors
- can cause cancer & hematologic disorders
what is leukopenia? associations? cause of leukopenia?
leukopenia = WBC is low
- it is NEVER low –> investigation
- associated with decrease neutrophils –> incr risk of infection
- results from radiation, anaphylactic shock, autoimmune disease & certain drugs (glucocorticoids & chemotherapeutic agents)
since leukopenia is associated with decrease neutrophils, what is that term called? what are causes of this?
neutropenia = low neutrophils
- decreased marrow production
- increased destruction
- prolonged infection
- increase risk of infection
what is the term for high neutrophils? what causes this?
neutrophilia
- inflammation!
- bacterial infection!
- tissue necrosis
- physiologic stress
- hematologic disorders
- drugs & chemicals
- metabolic disorders
- neoplasms
what is an important lab finding we use to identify if someone has neutrophilia (high neutrophils)? how does this lab finding work?
LEFT SHIFT = bacterial infections
- usually in pictures neutrophils are matured towards the right side of the diagram
- when infection happens –> demand for neutrophil need is MORE than what body HAS –> releases immature neutrophils (myeloblasts) –> prevents complete of sequences & shifts distribution of leukocytes in blood towards the left of the diagram, “myeoblasts” (immature neutrophils)
what is eosinophilia? what causes it?
eosinophilia = increase of eosinophil cells
- allergy!
- parasitic & chronic infection!
- malignancy
- dermatosis
- drugs
what is eosinopenia? what causes it?
eosinopenia = decrease of eosinophil cells
- physiologic & emotional stress
- corticosteroids
- eosinophils going INTO inflammation sites
what is basophilia? what are the causes?
basophilia = increase of basophil cells, RARE
- inflammation!
- infection
- myeloproliferative disorders
- myxedema, antithyroid therapy = low thyroid hormone
what is basopenia? what are the causes?
basopenia = low basophil cells
- pregnancy
- ovulation
- stress
- graves disease = excess thyroid hormone
what is monocytosis? what are the causes?
monocytosis = increase of monocyte cells
- this is NOT related to dysfunction of actual monocyte production, transient
- bacterial infections + neutropenia (endocarditis, TB)!
- recovery or late phase of infection
- physiologic (normal for a newborn)
