RESPIRATORY - infectious lung disorders: pneumonia & TB Flashcards
EXAM 2 content
what disorders are under infectious lung disorders?
pneumonia & tuberculosis
what is pneumonia? what is it caused by?
infection of the LR tract, cause by any type of pathogen + aspiration
what is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?
pathogen is aspirated, inhaled, introduced (through ETT), or systemic infection & gets into lungs –> innate & adaptive immune responses take place
–> damage when:
- pathogen tries to escape adaptive immune responses OR
- destruction of cells leads harmful substances to release into lungs
–> direct inflammation of alveoli & accumulation of infectious debris + exudate
–> fills alveoli with fluid
–> fluid reduces ventilation –> v/q mismatch
–> hypoxia & hypercapnia
–> inflammation systemic is not treated
what are the risk factors of pneumonia?
- immunocompromised: HIV population (more susceptible to parasites, fungi & protozoa)
- chronic lung disease: COPD
- trauma
- smoking
- endotracheal intubation
- community acquired
- healthcare acquired
what are pneumonia’s manifestations?
- neuro: altered LOC, dizzy, & anxiety
- CV: tachycardia, hypotension, & chest pain! (but not always)
- resp: tachypnea, dyspnea, diminished breath sounds! productive cough! crackles!
- GI: n/v
- GU: oliguria
- integ/musc: cyanosis & delayed capillary refill
- other: fever & chills!
what labs & diagnostics would we use for pneumonia?
- CBC: elevated WBC
- CRP: useful for immunocompromised
- sputum culture: identify pathogen
- blood culture
- chest x-ray: WHITE OUT
- bronchoscopy
what is the treatment for pneumonia?
- oxygen w/mech vent
- hydration: thins out mucus
- antimicrobial agents (antivirals only have 48 hr effectiveness)
- supportive treatments depends on severity
- SUPPORT BP & RESPIRATION
what are pneumonia’s complications?
- hypercapnia!
- hypoxemia! –> respiratory acidosis –> acute resp failure –> cardiac arrest –> death
- sepsis
what is tuberculosis? why is it so strong?
highly transmissible disease by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS –> lung disease
- have exacerbations & remissions
- some will go dormant and never reactivate
- can survive attacks from macrophages
what is the pathophysiology of TB?
droplets enters lung & pathogen to stick to lung tissue
–> macrophages from innate immune sys phagocytize pathogen
- BUT pathogen can survive by stopping lysosome & PROLIFERATE in macrophages
–> lung inflammation
–> immune system keeps pathogen in tubercles
–> when isolated pathogen can inactive forever or REACTIVATE it tubercle ruptures –> causes necrosis of lung tissues or move to other parts of the body
what are TB’s risk factors?
- crowded living environment
- immunosuppression: HIV, cancer, immunosuppressive drugs
- substance abuse
what are TB’s manifestations?
- neuro: altered LOC, dizzy, anxiety, fatigue!
- CV: tachycardia, chest pain!
- resp: tachypnea, dyspnea, diminished breath sounds! productive cough! crackles! hemoptysis!
- GI: n/vm anorexia!
- GU: oliguria
- integ/musc: cyanosis, delayed capillary refill, weight loss!
- other: fever! chills! night sweats (bc of the way the body fights bacteria)!
what are the labs & diagnostics we use for TB?
- immunoassay testing
- sputum culture
- sputum staining
- chest x-ray: to see how much its proliferated
- PPD
what would we use to treat TB?
- treating co-infections: HIV & AIDS to keep body up to fight back
antibiotic combination therapy
- long term treatment up to 18 months
- very hard on body
- can be hepatotoxic (cant drink water) & cause neurological disruptions (paresthesia & neuropathy
what are the complications of TB?
- spread via lymphatics & blood to other parts of body –>
- joint damage
- meningitis
- renal impairment
- liver impairment
- cardiac tamponade
