RESPIRATORY - respiratory system review

Question 1

what is the respiratory structure that connects between the upper & lower respiratory tract?

Answer 1

larynx

Question 2

what consist of the UR tract?

Answer 2

nasopharynx & oropharynx

Question 3

what is the function of the nasopharynx & oropharynx?

Answer 3

bring air into lungs

Question 4

what is the function of the lungs?

Answer 4

passing oxygen into blood & remove CO2

Question 5

how many lobes does the right and left lung have?

Answer 5

right: 3 lobes
left: 2 lobes

Question 6

what are the major structures of the lungs?

Answer 6

• trachea
• primary bronchi
• secondary bronchi
• segmental bronchi
• terminal bronchioles
• alveoli
• pleurae

Question 7

where are the surfactants of the lungs located? what do surfactants do?

Answer 7

surfactants allow surface tension which allow the lungs to be inflated
- in between the visceral & parietal pluera

Question 8

where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 8

the circulation around alveoli

Question 9

where is the control center for respiration?

Answer 9

pons & medulla

Question 10

what are the receptors called that senses changes in CO2 & changes respiratory rate to calibrate proper CO2 in blood

Answer 10

chemoreceptors

Question 11

where do chemoreceptors sense this change?

Answer 11

environment

Question 12

what receptors influence rate & depth in breathing?

Answer 12

stretch receptors

Question 13

what is ventilation?

Answer 13

movement of gas/air into and out of lungs

Question 14

what is perfusion?

Answer 14

brings blood to lungs & alveoli to be diffused –> O2 to tissues & CO2 expelled

Question 15

what is diffusion?

Answer 15

the actual exchange of oxygen into the alveoli membrane –> plasma –> binds with hemoglobin –> Hgb transports O2 to tissues

Question 16

during ventilation, how does the diaphragm work?

Answer 16

• diaphragm contracts –> lungs expand –> negative pressure due to atmosphere –> air flows passively in lungs
• diaphragm relaxes –> lungs recoil –> air expelled out

Question 17

what are the accessory muscles during ventilation?

Answer 17

• intercostal –> helps widen rib cage
• scalene & sternocleidomastoid –> attach from cervical spine to collar bone & rib cage –> helps expand when we need a little more (when neck is pulling, accessory muscles are trying to get more air)

Question 18

what are the 2 types of perfusion?

Answer 18

pulmonary & bronchial perfusion

Question 19

what does pulmonary perfusion do?

Answer 19

the key to gas exchange
- deoxygen blood through pulmonary artery
- oxygen blood through pulmonary veins

Question 20

what does bronchial perfusion do?

Answer 20

provides support to conduct airways
- warms & humidifies air for better environment for respiration
- bronchial veins gives a little deoxygen blood to enter into the oxygenated blood

Question 21

what is low ventilation & normal perfusion

Answer 21

shunt
- pneumonia & atelectasis –> hypoxia
- any blocking to get air in
- filling the aveoli

Question 22

what is normal ventilation & low perfusion

Answer 22

dead space
- pulmonary embolism (biggest reason), emphysema, severe heart failure