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Flashcards in Heme Onc Deck (25)
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1
Q

Reticulocyte index that indicates BM is responding well

A

index >2%

2
Q

Packed RBCs facts

A

no platelets of clotting factors
Mix with normal saline to infuse faster
Each unit raises Hct 3-4 points

3
Q

Fresh frozen plasma indication

A

Contains all clotting factors

Given for high PT/PTT, coagulopathy, and deficiency of clotting factos

4
Q

Cryoprecipitate indication

A

Contains factor VIII and fibrinogen

For hemophilia A, decreased fibrinogen (DIC and vWD)

5
Q

Whole blood indication

A

Massive blood loss

6
Q

Anaphylaxis in Blood transfusion

A

Within seconds to minutes
Due to ABO mismatched blood products

Symptoms: fever/chills, N/V, pain in flanks/back, chest pain, and dyspnea

Complications: hypovolemic shock, DIC, and renal failure with hemoglobinuria

Treatment: stop trasnfusion immediately, epinephrine, fluid replacement and dopamine/NE

7
Q

Treatment and diagnosis of B thalassemia minor, intermedia and major

A

Diagnosis
Major: homozygous B chain
Intermedia: indeterminate
Minor: heterozygous B chain
Electrophoresis shows Hb F and Hb A2 are elated
Microcytic hypochromic anemia with target cells

Treatment: frequent packed RBC transfusions are required for major the other two are not treated

8
Q

a -thalassemia trait, silent, Hb H and hydropsy fetalis diagnosis and treatment

A

diagnosis:
silent: one a locus deletion or mutation
No treatment

Trait: two a loci deletion or mutation
Mild microcytc hypochromic anemia
no treatment

Hb H: 3 loci deleted or mutated
signficant microcytic hypochromic anemia
electrophoresis shows (hemoglobin bart-B tetramers) Hb H
Treatment is packed RBC transfusions and possible splenectomy

hydrops fetalis: all four a loci are mutated or deleted
Fatal at birth

9
Q

Treatment and diagnosis of aplastic anemia

A

Diagnosis: bone marrow biopsy-hypocellular marrow and absence of progenitor cells of all three cell lines

Treatment: bone marrow transplanation
Transfusion of packed RBCs and platelets if necessary

10
Q

Treatment of B12 deficiency

A

parenteral cycanocobalamin once per month

11
Q

Treatment of folic acid deficiency

A

daily oral folic acid replacement

12
Q

General treatment of hemolytic anemia

A

Transfusion of packed RBCs is severe anemia or patient is hemodynamically unstable
Folate supplements

13
Q

Blood transfusion indications for sickle cell

A

Acute chest syndrome, stroke, priapism that does not respond to fluids/analgesia, and cardiac decompensation

14
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of hereditary spherocytosis

A

Diagnosis
Osmotic fragility to hypotonic saline RBCs undergo lysis at higher (thus earlier) oncotic pressure
Elevated reticulocyte count, elevated MCHC

Treatment:
Splenectomy

15
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia

A

Positive direct coombs test (RBCs coated with IgG)
Splenomegaly
Spherocytes

Treatment: glucocoricoids
Splenectomy
Immunosuppression with azothioprine or cyclophosphamide
RBC transfusions and folate supplements if necessary

16
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia

A

RBCs coated with complement alone
Avoid cold temps
RBC transfusions if necessary
Various chemotherapeutic agents

17
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

A

Ham’s test: incubated in acidified serum triggering complement pathway-lysis of PNH cells but not normal cells
Sugar water test: patient’s serum mixed in sucrose-hemolysis ensues
Flow cytometery of anchored cell surface proteins-CD55 and CD59-sensitive and specific for PNH

Treatment: glucocorticoids or bone marrow transplantation

18
Q

When to treat heparin induced thrombocytopenia

A

When thrombocytopenia is seen 3-12 days after heparin induction

19
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A
Diagnosis: 
No splenomegaly
Platelet count less tan 20,000
Bone marrow has increased megakaryocytes
Increased platelet associated IgG

Treatment:
Adrenal corticosteroids
IV immune globulin: saturates the reticuloenodthelial system
Splenectomy
Romiplastim and eltrombopag: thrombopoietin receptor agonists

20
Q

TTP diagnosis and treatment

A

Diagnosis:
Prolonged BT, normal PT and PTT
Schistocytes

Treatment:
Plasmapharesis
Corticosteroids and splenectomy may be beneficial
Platelet transfusions are contraindicated

21
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of HIT

A

Diagnosis: antiplatelet factor IV Ab and serotonin release assay

Treatment: stop heparin
If anticoagulation needed (DVT or PE) use thrombin inhibitor such as lepirudin

22
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of vWF deficiency

A

Diagnosis:
Prolonged BT-normal platelet count
PTT may be prolonged
Reduced ristoceitin induced platelet aggregation

Treatment: desmorpressi-induces cells to secrete vWF (first line)
Factor VIII concnetrates-after major trauma or during surgery

NO cyroprecipiate or asprin/NSAIDs

23
Q

Treatment of hemophilia A

A

Acute hemarthorsis:
analgesia with codeine +/- acetaminophen
ice and rest the joint

Factor VIII concentrate-acute bleeding, before surgery and dental surgeries

NOT cryoprecipitate or FFP due to viral transmission risk

Desmopressin may be helpful

Synovesctomy or radiosynovectomy may be needed if severe recurrent hemarthorsis

Mix with normal plasma and if PTT returns to normal then there is not presence of a factor VIII inhibitor

24
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of DIC

A

Diagnosis
PT, PTT, BT and thrombin time are elevated
Fibrin split products and D dimer

Fibrinogen is low, thrombocytopenia
Schistocytes

Treatment:
FFP replaces clotting factors
Platelet transfusions
Cryoprecipitate replaces clotting factors and fibrinogen

Oxygen, IV fluids, Maintain BP and renal perfusion

25
Q

Hb Indication level for blood transfusion

A

Less than 7