Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Rotation 2: IM Outpatient > heme portion > Flashcards

heme portion Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Iron Deficient Anemia

what size and color? what two unique characteristics about this cell type hint: shape? what are 3 main causes? what should you always suspect? what are 5 unique presentations you might see on PE? what is the treatment? for how long?

A

hypochromic, microcytic anemia (since no iron to give shape or color)

anisocytosis (unequal size) and piokilocytosis (tear drop shapped)

common causes: blood loss (menses, occult from colon, esophagus, stomach), pregnancy, vegan diet

**always suspect malignancy**

pica (eating dirt/paint), cheilosis, koilonchia “spoon nails”, glottitis “smooth tongue”, esophageal webs, pallor, tachycardia

treatment: Ferrous sulfate 325 mg 3x a day, vitamin C to make absorb better and uptitrate, OR GLUCONATE which is IM or IV

TREAT FOR 6 MONTHS!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what can cause blood loss in iron deficient anemia? 4 things

A

GI blood loss from NSAIDS, PUD, cancer

blood donation

trauma

menses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what would you see on the labs for iron deficient anemia?

5 things!

A
  1. Low Iron
  2. High TIBC (since none to bind, very avaliable)
  3. low ferritin (since none to store)
  4. low reticulocyte
  5. hypochromic, microcytic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vitamin B12 deficient anemia

what size and color at these RBC? what factor sets this appart from folate deficient anemia and what are the 5 presentations? what are the 6 things that can cause this and where are the two general sections of the GI system that are effected? what are the 4 important lab results that point to this?

A

macrocytic/megloblastic anemia, normochromic

can occur from vegan diet, bariatric gastric surgery (MOST COMMON WAY TODAY), ilium resection, chrons disease, pernicious anemia (no intrinsic factor), gastritics

neurologic symptoms, stocking glove paresthesia, loss of position, vibratory sense, balance, glottitis

On lab exams find:

1. antibodies for intrinsic factor

2. MCV >103

2. serum b12 low

4. multinucleated neutrophils!!! 5-6 lobes

Tx: oral supplement or cyanocobalamin nasal spray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the number one cause of iron deficient anemia? what are 3 other causes?

A
  1. blood loss! need to find the cause!!

2. malignancy! need to think about this

  1. dietary, vegan!! less common
  2. poor iron absorption/ trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

explain how B12 is absorbed and which conditions effect these stages?

A

B12 is bound to intrinsic factor that prevents it from being absorbed until it reached the ilieum

chrons disease, ilium ressection effect: where it is absorbed

gastric surgery, pernicious anemia, gastritis effect: where intrinsic factor is made

***both of these cause B12 deficiency either in its protection or its absorption!***

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what cells produce intrinsic factor that are important for the absorption of B12? where are they located?

A

parietal cells in the stomach

gastritis PUD can prevent this from working

no intrinsic factor, no absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are three things can cause poor absorption of B12 for anemia?

A

alcoholism

fish tapeworm

elevated LDH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 3 treatment options for B12 deficient anemia?

A
  1. life long vitamin B supplement IM monthly (1000 ug)

2. cyanocobalasmin nasal spray

***neuro symptoms are reversible if treated within 6 months***

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

explain the schillings test and what it tells you?

A

tells you which there is a B12 deficiency

Normally, give B12 IM injection so the body is saturday, then give oral B12 radioative, it will be absorbed by the body and AT LEAST 10% excreted in the urine since it isn’t needed. This means uptake is normal and working!!

if pernicious anemia or imparied absorption: LESS than 10% in the urine since not absorbed or partially from bowel

if give intrinsic factor and see B12 in the urine then absorption has improved: pernicious anemia

if no B12 in the uring after intrinsic factor then: problem with absorption in illium, not intrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sickle cell anemia

what is the inhertiance pattern? what is the difference between heterozygous/homozygous? when do the problems first occur? where is the mutation? what are 8 things that can prompt sickeling? what are 7 presentations you can see with this disorder?

A

autosomal recessive
heterozygous 1 Hb S gene: 40%

homozygous 2 Hb SS gene: 80-95%

problems start about 6 months after birth during transition from Hb-F to Hb

mutation in B chain, cause it to sickle under/from:

dehydration, hypoxia, acidosis, infection, temp changes, exertion, alcohol, medical procedures

causes acute painful syndrome, acute chest syndrome, splenic sequestration, aplastic crisis, hemolytic crisis, hand foot disease, “silent” cerebral infarction (35%, subtle but permanent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is this and what condition do you commonly see this with?

A

hand and foot syndrome seen with sickle cell

commonly the first presentation

soft tissue swelling with new bone formation and moth eaten lytic process at proximal aspect of fourth phalanx

no leukocytosis or erythema with the swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

explain the pathphys of sickle cell

A

increased RBC destruction

inability to maintain hemoglobin

sickling of cells=increased blood viscosity and ostruction

MORE FRAGIL=hemolysis!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the life expectancy for a pt with sickle cell?

A

40-50 years

die young from infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain actute painful crisis and acute chest syndrome seen in sickle cell pts

A

acute painful crisis:

excrutiating, can occur anywhere

acute causes vasco occlusion and ishchemia

acute chest syndrome

25% of deaths!

respiratory distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

explain aplastic crisis seen in sickle cell and the five things that can cause it?

A

stop of RBC production, and since their RBC live so much short ~20 days, they get EXTREME drop in hemoglobin causing aplastic crisis

parvarovirus B19, infection, bone marrow toxins HPV, folic acid deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do sickle cell patients need to avoid?

A

altitiudes over 7,000 feet and deep sea diving!

induces sickling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do you see for lab results for a patient with sickle cell? 6 things!!

A
  1. howell jolly bodies

2. Hgb S >50%

3. hb 6-8

4. RBC last 10-20 days

  1. high reticulocytes
  2. high ferritin/serum bilirubin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what treatment options are avaliable for someone with sickle cell?

A
  • hydration
  • pain meds!!
  • transfusion
  • folate supplementation
  • iron chelation if Fe overload
  • preventative vaccines for S. pneumonia, H. influenzae

-prophylatic penicillin from birth to 6 years

hydroxyurea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

explain hydroxyurea for sickle cell patients 3 things

A
  1. Decrease DNA synthesis
  2. Inhibit sickling
  3. Increase Hb F inhibits Hb sickling

**prevents complications and increases life span**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are sickle cell patients are increased risk for?

(6 things)

A
  • infection with encapsulated organisms
  • aseptic necrosis
  • CVA
  • chronic leg ulcers
  • splenic infarc THESE PATIENTS ARE ASPLENIC (DON’T HAVE A SPLEEN THAT WORKS WELL SO NEED TO MAKE SURE THEY ARE VACCINATED ESP AGAINST STREP PNEUMONIA
  • retinopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

explain HbSC and HbSS in sickle cell

A

Hb SC is the trait for sickle cell, heterozygous and range of symptoms vary

Hb SS the disease for sickle cell, homozygous, severe disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

folate deficiency

what is the most common cause of this? what are four things that can cause this? what size are the cells? what two things do you see on the labs? what 5 drugs can cause this? what is the treatment?

A

most often caused by poor dietary intake, low fruits and veggies

absorbed in the ileum

macrocytic, hypersegmented PMN, folate

alcoholics, defective absorption (chrons, ulcerative collitis), pregnancy, folic acid antagonist drugs

drugs: methotrexate, alcohol, phenytoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethozole, sulfasalazine

tx: 1 mg folic acid a day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are lymphomas? where are they?

A

localized to lymphnodes

malignancy of matured lymphcytes not precursor cells

arises in the PERIPHERY, then can spread to bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
what percent of lymphomas are non hodgkins lymphoma?
90%
29
burkitt's lymphoma (non hodgkins) where is this an endemic? what type of cell is imporant to see here? what virus does this have a strong association with?
endemic in Africa "starry sky", abdominal fullness-cells contain lipid vacuoles!! KEY EBV association **Type 1:** African Jaw/face-100% with EBV associated with malaria **Type 2:** sporadic abdomen/bone marrow; 20% EBV **Type 3:** HIV associated 40% EBV lymph node/bone marrow
31
burkitt's lymphoma (non hodgkins) what is the genetic explaination for this and what gene has increased expression?
translocation of chromosome 8 and 14 leading to disregulated **c-MYc genes which become protooncogenes and increase expression of Myc**
32
what are two risk factors for non hodgkins lymphoma?
immunosuppression HIV
33
what is the classification used to determine lymphoma?
ann arbor classification system
34
MALT is caused by what organism? what type of cancer is this?
nonhodgkin's lymphoma helicobacter pylori
35
hodgkin's lymphoma ## Footnote what are four characteristic findings of this? what is this closely associated with? what two tests can you do? what are the two treatment options? what is the age group?
- reed sternburg cells "owl eyed" - contigious spread, typically cervical, mediastinal, and supraclavicular first effected (moves to neighboring lymphnodes) - pain after alcohol consumption - pelbestein fevers (fluctuate over extended periods of time) _EBV association inf 50%_ **bimodal age group, peaks in 20s then again in 50s** DX: Ct abdomen/pelvix/chest or PET CT, BM biopsy TX: radiation or chemo depending on the stage (described later)
36
explain the ANN arbor staging for lymphoma? how does this impact the treatment for hodgkins lymphoma?
if the staging for hodgkins lymphoma is **2a** or above **RADIATION!!!** **2b and worse=ABVD CHEMO/ BEACOPP chemo!!!** (just FYI, this isn't effected in non-hogkins lymphoma)
37
non hodgkins lymphoma ## Footnote what are four major findings with this cancer? what is there a strong association with? what are the four important tests you need to do? what are the four treatment options?
nontender lymphadnopathy, hetagenous spread (by blood so seen in periphreal lymphnodes and sporatic), extranodal involvement in GI, skin, bone (back, bone, chest pain), IIb staging or worse, ## Footnote _HIV ASSOCIATION!!_ _DX_: xray, CT abdomen, pelvis, chest or PET CT, BM biopsy TX: CHOP-R, PP x CNS, immunotherapy, stem cell transmplant
40
when confirming/diagnosis lymphoma what is it nessacary that you do?
CUT OUT THE LYMPHNODE, not aspirate!!!
41
what 3 things do you need to rule out when considering hodgkins lymphoma? \*\*hint: think about the location of the lymphadenopathy\*\*
EBV HIV syphilis (since upper lymphadnadopathy)
42
which would you want to get....non hodgkins lymphoma or hodgkins lymphoma? why??
**hodgkins lymphoma** **cure rate is 90%!!** \*\*\*this only accounts for 10% of lymphomas though.
43
mutiple myeloma ## Footnote what is the pnuemonic associated with this cancer and what does each part mean? what cell is affected here? what are two important test results you will see? what are the two treatment options for this? what group of people is this most common in?
BREAK ACRONYM-**malignany of plasma cell, more common in african american men** **B: bone pain**-lytic bone lesions, increased bone fractures particullary in _back, spine, ribs_ **R: reccurent infections** _strep pneumoniae, gram neg encapsulated_, non function Ig **E: elevated calcium** since bone being destroyed **A: anemia** (crowding out of bone marrow, overgrows RBC/platelets=less RBC) **K: kidney failure** (increased Ig deposit in kidney, increased viscosity=kidney failure) monoclonal Ig Spike, "M" protein spike, bence jones proteins in the urine, TX:chemo, BM transplant (not commonly done since many patients elderly)
45
what are the two most common antibodies produced in multiple myeloma?
IgG and IgA
46
what puts people at EXTREME risk for multiple myeloma? how many more times?
HIV!! 4.5x fold increase in development with people with HIV
47
Acute _lymphacitic_ leukemia (ALL) ## Footnote what is this the most common of? what subsets of cells does it involve? what will you see on the smear? what condition is it associated with? what is one caution you NEED to address when treating this? what is used for diagnosis and what is the treatment?
very young: 3-7 yrs associated with down syndrome T or B lymphblasts subsets \*\*hides in CNS so must treat with prophylaxis! bone pain since ramped up #1 cause of cancer in children!! DX: _smear_, BM biopsy TX: 3 phases of chemo!! prophylaxis chemo Ara-c for cancer hiding in CNS, _LUMBAR PUNCTURE FOR CNS INVOLVEMENT!!!_
48
what is important to do for a lab test before BM biopsy in chronic vs acute leukemia?
Chronic: **CBC with diff, want to see what type of cell** Acute: **smear to cell BLASTS!**
49
explain the two T and B cell subsets of _acute lymphocytic leukemia!!_ ## Footnote what are the chromosomes that are effected in B cell ALL? what are the symptoms associated with T cell ALL?
This was from khan academy and meded
51
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) ## Footnote who do you see this in? what are two important things you will see on the SMEAR? what percent achieve remission? what are the three treatment options? what exposure do you usually have to get this?
**adults**, acute picture \>20% blasts, AUER ROD CELLS, bone pain since ramping up cells WBC\>100,00 70% achieve remission **EXPOSURE: BENZO, CHEMO, RADIATION** TX: combination chemo, bone marrow transplant **vit A**
52
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) ## Footnote who is this most common in? what type of cells are most common? what is important cell seen on slide? what are three other presentations of this? what do you do for treament of this for the 3 different pt groups? what do the symptoms come from? what is a halmark here?
**elderly**, asymptomic, **die with it not from** (3-10 years LE) _95% B cell derived!_ _B cell "smudge cells"_ (not structually strong since immature) _hypgammaglobinemia_ (don't make as many since B cells messed up) _affects the bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphnodes! gets bigger_ in the **lymph node starts a _small lymphocytic lymphoma_ the transfors by _richter transformation_ to _diffuse B cell lymphoma (SOLID MASS)_** **_causes autoimmune hemolytic anemia_** (nonfunctioing antibodies attack RBC, random, but imporant!) **acceptable to wait and watch in asymptomatic** usually come to the office for something else and are diagnosed on accidental findings symptoms come from overcrowding-\>thrombocytopenia/anemia-\>beeding \>65 asymptomic: wait and watch \>65 symptomatic: chem **TX: chlorambucil/fludarabine if chemo**
53
what is the most common pediatric cancer?
acute lymphocytic leukemia!!
54
chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) ## Footnote what two genes are associated wit this and which one is more specific? which line of cells can this be in and which is the most common? what are the three stages for this? what are the two treatment options? what kills these patients?
Adults - philidelphia chromosome (95) 9/22 - BCR-ABL gene - relies on tyrosine kinase inhibitor - most common in neutrophils, but can be in ANY of the myeloid cell lines - _blast crisis which transforms it to acute myelogenous leukemia_ \*\*this is what kills these patients\*\* **WBC\>100,000** Three stages: 1. chronic: asymptomatic 2. accelerated: start to see symtoms 3. acute: blast crisis! **\>30%** blast in the BM, then transforms to AML **TX: TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR _IMATNIB_ (works on BCR-ABL), ALLOGENIC BONE MARROW OR STEM CELL TRANSPLANT**
56
what is a patient with Acute lymphocytic leukemia at risk for developing later on in life?
Acute myeloid leukemia beause they were exposed to chemo so their myeloid line can be effected later on
59
what is the most common leukemia in adults?
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
61
lymphoma vs leukemia down and dirty
LYMPHOMA: CLUSTERS OF BUMPS IN THE LYMPH NODES LEUKEMIA: IN THE BLOOD, LIQUID TUMOR
62
Hemolytic Anemia ## Footnote what is this? 6 possible cuases? 3 possible sxs? 4 hallmark labs!
decreased RBC survival and increase cell lysis Causes: G6PD deficiency thalessemias sickle cell thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) hemolytic uremic syndrione (HUS) disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) SxS: 1. jaundice-elevated indirect bilirubin 2. hepatosplenomegaly-increased RBC lysis 3. petechiae and purpura labs: 1. elevated reticulocytes 2. falling hemoglobin 3. elevated indirect bilirubin 4. elevated LDH
63
RBC count test
measures the total # of RBC in microliter of blood
64
percentage of reticulocytes (immature RBC)
an index of the rate of red blood cell production
65
hematocrit test
percent of RBC in blood by volume. (spin down the reb and divide volume by total volume plus serum)
66
mean corpuscular volume, MCV
size of RBC, average volume size of the RBC microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic
67
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration MCHC
concentration of hemoglobin in EACH cell
68
color of hemoglobin terms
normochromic, hypochromic, hyperchromic
69
mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)
average hemoglobin weight/mass in each cell
70
what is the definition of anemia according to the WHO?
hb
71
what concentration of hemoglobin are people typically symptomatic? what concentration is considered the be anemia?
anemic: 12.5 gm/dl symptomatic: 10gm/dl
72
explain the MCV values that are associated with microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic RBC?
microcytic: normocytic: 80-100 macrocytic: \>100
73
what two anemias would you see microcytic RBC?
Fe deficiency sideroblastic lead poisoning
74
if normal to elevated reticuloctye, and normocytic ..... what two categories does this indicate? what are four conditions in the second category?
1. hemmorage 2. hemolysis (G6PD, sepsis, ABO incompatability, spherocytosis)
75
what is the most common anemia in the world? what causes it? what about in america?
iron deficient anemia!! MOSTLY FROM PARASITES!! GROSS In america: menses
76
sideroblastic anemia (lead poisoning) ## Footnote what are the size of the cells? reticulocyte count? platelets? what are three unique lab results you will see with lab testing? what will the patient present with for symptoms? what do you do for treatment depending on the levels of lead in the blood? what does the location of the lead tell you about how long it has been in the body? what does the bone marrow produce?
**microcytic, decreased reticulocytes, low platelets** **basophilic stippling, elevated lead, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, bone produces ringed sideroblasts instead of health RBC** PE: lead on the gum lines, vomiting, abdominal pain high serum levels: acute attack if in the bone: hard to tell how long its been there **BLL\>20, medical and environmental intervention** **BLL\>45, chelation**
77
G6PD deficient anemia ## Footnote what genetic link is this connected with? what two populations of people is this common in? what size are the cells? what is one unique presentation do you see? exposure to what 3 things can cause this? what are the 5 things you will see on the lab results? how is it treated?
x-linked recessive, *_african america males (12%), or greeks/mediteranean_ (20-30%)* **normocytic anemia, increased risk of _HEMOLYSIS UNDER STRESS,_**jaundice G6PD protects RBC agains oxidative stress that can damage the RBC beyond repair **fava beans** **infection** **oxidative drugs** heinz bodies, low G6PD, bite cells, increased reticulocytes and serum bilirubin Tx: self limiting, when the the stressor is resolved then normal RBC produced again
79
what are the 5 drugs and 1 infection that can cause oxidative stress for someone with a G6PD deficiency?
1. aspirin 2. FAVA BEANS 3. sulfa drugs 4. quinidine 5. antimalarials condition: hepatitis
80
what are people with G6PD deficient anemia at increased risk to get?
DMT2 since buildup of unused glucose IDK WHY! just does?!
81
beta thalaseemia ## Footnote what chain is effected in this? what parts of the world is this common in? what unique cell do you see in the lab results? what are the two main classifications of B thalaseemia? when is the more severe on diagnosed? what are four clincial presentations of this? what are 3 treatment options? what do you want to keep [hb] at? what test do you use to tell the difference between Fe and thallessemia?
**deficient synthesis of B-globin chain of hemeoglobin** (results in increase A) African/mediteranneans _HEINZ BODY CELLS!! "Target cells" "HAIR ON END APPEARANCE ON XRAY", FRONTAL BOSSING_ **minor:** heterozygous, sufficient Hb sythesis **major:** homozygous! SEVERE transfusion dependent anemia, diagnosed 1st year of life when hb F turns to Hb A (adult) **"cooleys anemia"** **growth retardation, hepatosplenomegaly, abnormal facial formation, fractures/osteopenia, delayed or absent puberty, hypogonadism** **Tx:** _regular blood transfusions to keep hemoglobin at 12 mg/dl, avoid Fe supplements, bone marrow transplant/splenectomy_ MENTZER INDEX
82
anemia of chronic disease ## Footnote what three cytokines are released? this causes what 3 things to decrease? what 2 things to increase? what 8 things can cause it? what 3 lab results are important? what do you do to treat it?
chronic **inflammation** and activation of **IL1, IL6 and TNF** leads to **decrease of EPO, transferrin synthesis, GI absorption** **increased iron storage/ferritin, increase iron storage in macrophages** _osteomyelitis, endocarditis, TB, HIV, malignancy, autoimmune (RA, SLE), IBS, Renal failure_ ferritin elevated (since body storing it), TIBC decreased (since stored not circulating), low iron Tx: treat underlying condition, it will go away
84
xalpha thalessemia ## Footnote what are the deficient in? what type of cells can be present? what nationality of people are most common? explain the four stages? size and color? what lab results remain normal? what do you treat with? what should you avoid?
**deficient a-globin chain, 4 stages _target cells Heinz bodies!!_** **_ASIANS_** usually diagnosed if iron supplemets for suspected iron deficient don't work 1. silent carrier, 1 gene deleted 2. trait, 2 gene deleted leading to mild hemolytic anemia 3. **Hb "H", 3 genes deleted, hemolytic anemia without transfusion need** 4. **lethal at birth, hydrops (seen in pic)** **microcytic hypchromic but not very anemia, normal iron, TIBC, ferritin** **Tx:** folic acid supplement, avoid iron, if that doesn't work then transfusion but not dependent like B thalassemia
85
which one is more severe B thalmassemia or A thalmessmia?
B thalmassemia because the accumulation of A chains is more toxic
86
how are the thalassemias named? what are the general treatments listed by professor? (4 treatments)
FOR WHAT THEY ARE DEFICIENT IN!!! **1. blood transfusion with chelation** **2. hydroxyurea (increases HbF)** **3. bone marrow transplant** **4. splenectomy**

Rotation 2: IM Outpatient (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions