HEMOSTASIS Flashcards
(234 cards)
1
Q
it means the prevention of blood
A
Hemostasis
2
Q
whenever a vessel is ruptured or severed hemostasis is achieved by different mechanisms what are they?
A
Vascular constriction
Formation of a platelet plug
Formation of a blood clot as a result of blood coagulation
Growth of fibrous tissue
3
Q
one of the mechanism of the hemostasis where it is incorporated to the blood clot so that the hole of the blood vessel will be closed permanently.
A
Growth of fibrous tissue
4
Q
after a blood vessel has been cut or ruptured the the trauma in smooth muscles causes the vessels to _________.
A
Contract
5
Q
what are the predominant muscles in your blood vessels?
A
Smooth muscles
6
Q
what are the three types of muscle?
A
cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle
7
Q
predominant muscles are _________ in nature?
A
involuntary
8
Q
What happens to the blood vessels when it recieves trauma? and what does it lead to?
A
Smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, thus reduction of blood flow leading to
1.local myogenic spasm
2. Local autacoid factors from traumatized tissues and platelet
3. Nervous reflexes
9
Q
what are the mechanisms that will cause the contraction of your smooth muscles?
A
Local myogenic spasm
Local autacoid factors from traumatized tissues and platelet
Nervous reflexes
10
Q
when there is spasm there will always be _______.
A
Contraction
11
Q
this are substances that are produced once there is trauma to your tissues?
A
Local autacoid factors from traumatized tissues and platelet
12
Q
What does the platelet release causing the contraction of the smooth muscles?
A
Local autacoid factors
13
Q
___________ are initiated by the pain nerve impulses or other sensory impulses that originate from the traumatized vessel or the nearby tissues.
A
Nervous reflexes
14
Q
more vessel constriction can result from the _________.
A
Local myogenic spasm or the local myogenic contraction
15
Q
it is initiated by the direct trauma to your vessel wall
A
Local myogenic spasm or contraction
16
Q
In the smaller vessels, what are responsible from much of the vasoconstriction?
A
Platelets
17
Q
Why are platelets responsible from the forming of the vasoconstriction?
A
since platelets release a vasoconstrictor substance called Thromboxane A2.
18
Q
causes the reduction of the blood flow through the contraction of your smooth muscles, particularly in your smaller vessels
A
Thromboxane A2
19
Q
the more severely a vessel is traumatized the greater also the ___________.
A
degree of vascular spasm
20
Q
can last for many minutes or even hours during which time the process of platelet plugging and the other mechanisms of hemostasis like blood coagulation.
A
Vascular spasm
21
Q
time of the vascular spasm?
A
many minutes to hours
22
Q
when can vascular spasm occur?
A
during the process of platelet plugging and other hemostasis mechanisms
23
Q
platelets are also called?
A
thrombocytes
24
Q
Thrombocytes are called?
A
platelets
25
they are minute discs of 1-4 um formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes
Platelets
26
describe platelets
they are minute discs of 1-4 um formed in the bone marrow
27
where are platelets formed?
bone marrow
28
platelets came from?
megakaryocytes
29
they are from the cytoplasm of your megakaryocytes.
Platelets
30
what is the normal value of the platelets?
150,000-300,000 / uL
31
where will the platelets ferment into minute platelets ?
Bone marrow or after entering the blood
32
they function as whole cells even without the presence of nucleoli or the ability to reproduce
thrombocytes (platelets)
33
they are contractile proteins found in the cytoplasm of the thrombocyte
actin, myosin and thrombosthenin molecules
34
what are found in the cytoplasm of the platelet?
actin , myosin and thrombosthenin
35
aside from platelets, where can you find contractile proteins?
Muscles
36
a type of molecule that can be found in the cytoplasm of the plate where this causes your platelets to contract especially when the process of retraction takes place
Thrombosthenin
37
what are residual organelles are only present in the nucleoli?
Residuals of both ER and Golgi apparatus
38
they synthesize enzymes and store calcium ions that are required for the coagulation. they can be found on the thrombocytes.
Residuals of ER and Golgi apparatus
39
what do residuals of ER and Golgi apparatus synthesize in platelets?
they synthesize enzymes and store calcium ions that are required for coagulation
40
what are required for coagulation?
enzymes and calcium ions
41
platelets has the presence of mithochondria and enzyme system which are capable of forming?
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and ADP (Adenosine diphosphate)
42
they are capable of forming the energy of the platelets?
Mitochondria and enzyme systems
43
what do platelet's enzyme systems synthesize?
Prostaglandins
44
part of the characteristic of a thrombocyte that can cause many vascular and other local tissue reactions. they are local hormones
prostaglandins
45
prostaglandin produces?
local hormones
46
an important protein found in the thrombocytes?
Fibrin-stabilizing factor
47
one of the physical and chemical properties of a thrombocytes where it causes vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle and fibroblasts to multiply
growth factor
48
what are multiplied with the growth factor of the thrombocytes?
Vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle and fibroblasts
49
a growth that eventually helps repair the damage vascular walls
Growth factor
50
a part of the functional characteristics of a thrombocyte where it is present in the cell membrane. what are they?
Glycoproteins and phospholipids
51
where can you find the glycoproteins and phospholipids in the platelets?
Cell membrane
52
it is a surface coat found in the platelets
glycoproteins
53
it repulses adherence to normal endothelium and yet causes adherence to injured areas of the vessel wall
glycoproteins
54
what do glycoproteins repulses and cause adherence to?
Repulses normal endothelium and causes adherence to injured areas of the vessel wall
55
they activate multiple stages in the blood-clotting process
phospholipids
56
it is an active structure, it is not a cell per say. what is this?
Platelets or thrombocytes
57
half-life or life span of a platelet?
8-12 days
58
how are platelets eliminated from your circulation?
by macrophages in the spleen
59
how many are removed by the macrophage in the spleen?
More than half
60
more than half of the platelets are removed by macrophages in the spleen as the blood passes through the _____________.
latis trabeculae
61
the spleen is divided into two parts what are those two parts?
Septa and trabeculae
62
what organ removes worn out platelets.
macrophages in the spleen
63
enumerate the mechanism of the platelet plug
* Platelets come in contact with a damaged vascular surface
* Swell and assume irregular forms with numerous irradiating
pseudopods
* Contractile proteins contract forcefully
* Release of granules
* Adhere to collagen and von Willenbrand factor
* Secrete ADP and thromboxane A2
* Act on nearby platelets to activate them as well
* Adherence to other platelets
64
____________ come in contact with a ____________ if there is exposure of _________ or there is leakage of your tissue factor, it will attract your platelets. The platelets then will change its appearance. It will _______________, with some producing _________. ______________ will then contract forcefully and there will be now a release of granules. Platelets that adhere to the injured blood vessel, with the help of the _________ and ____________ from the plasma, that leaks from your __________. Once there is attachment to your tissue, the platelets with the granules will secrete ____________ that will act on nearby platelets to activate them as well. So they will adhere to each other, forming now your platelets. For the __________, it will attract the platelets. But the one responsible for attracting nearby platelets to activate them as well is the
________.
platelets, damaged vascular surface, collagen, swell and assume irregular forms, eradiating pseudopods, Contractile proteins (actin & myosin), collagen, von Willebrand factor, traumatized tissue, ADP & thromboxane A2, von Willebrand factor, ADP & thromboxane A2.
65
what attracts attract platelets.
Von Willebrand factor
66
is the one responsible for attracting nearby platelets to activate them.
ADP & Thromboxane A2
67
Damaged vascular wall activates successively increasing
numbers of platelets that attract more and more additional platelets. What does this?
ADP & thromboxane A2
68
what action is happening where Damaged vascular wall activates successively increasing
numbers of platelets that attract more and more additional platelets
Platelet plug
69
what forms the platelet plug?
ADP & thromboxane A2
70
describe the characteristic of a platelet plug at first?
loose
71
what forms blood coagulation
fibrin threads
72
Upon subsequent process of blood coagulation, it will now be supported by ___________ (there will be formation of fibrin threads), that’s the time that it will become stronger and these threads attach tightly to the ________, thus constructing an __________.
fibrin threads, fibrin threads, unyielding plug
73
what is the importance of platelet-plugging mechanism?
Platelet-plugging mechanism is extremely important for closing minute ruptures in very small blood vessels that occur in many thousands of times daily.
74
endothelial cells are often closed by?
platelets
75
what phenomenon will be used or mechanism of forming the platelets?
platelet plug mechanism
76
when does the formation of blood clot happen if the trauma is in the vascular wall? and trauma is minor?
15-20 sec, 1-2 minutes
77
when does the opening or broken end of the vessel is filled with clot?
within 3-6 minutes
78
when does the clot retracts in the formation of blood coagulation in the ruptured vessel?
after 20 minutes
79
it is the regression in the size of your clot.
retraction
80
what plays an important role in clot retention?
platelets
81
what is the process/steps of the blood coagulation in the ruptured vessel?
1. severed vesse
2. platelet agglutinate
3. fibrin appears
4. fibrin clot forms
82
what factor causes the adherance of platelets to the injured blood vessel and causes the stickness to it?
von willebrand factor and ADP and Thromboxane A2
83
what forms after 20 minutes or an hour?
clot retraction or regression in the size of blood clot?
84
other term of Factor I
Fibrinogen
85
other term of Factor I
Prothrombin
86
other term of Factor III
Tissue thromboplastin
87
other term of Factor IV
Calcium
88
other term of Proaccelerin?
Factor V
89
other term of Labile Factor?
Factor V
90
other term of Ac-globulin (AC-G)
Factor V
91
meaning of SPCA?
Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator
92
other term of Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator
Factor VII
93
other term of Antihemophilic factor (AHF);
Factor VIII
94
other term of Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator
High-molecular- weight kininogen
95
HMWK
(high-molecular-weight kininogen)
96
Fletcher factor
Prekallikrein
97
Once a blood clot has formed, it can follow one of two courses?
-Becomes invaded by fibroblasts
-Dissolved
98
it is one of the dissolution of the bloodclot where The usual course in small holes of a vessel wall is actually the invasion of the fibroblasts beginning within a few hours after the clot is formed. This is promoted by the growth factor secreted by the platelets.
invaded by fibroblasts
99
it is one of the dissolution of the bloodclot Which subsequently form connective tissue all through the clot form
invaded by fibroblastsit
100
it is one of the dissolution of the bloodclot where This process continues to complete organization of the clot within the fibrous tissue in about 1-2 weeks
invaded by fibroblasts
101
the invasion of fibroblasts within the fibrous tissue is about how many weeks?
1-2 weeks
102
it is one of the dissolution of the bloodclot where there is excess of blood that has leaked into the tissue
and tissue clots occurred on a specific side, special
substances within the clot itself usually become activated.
Dissolved
103
it is one of the dissolution of the bloodclot where These substances function as enzymes to dissolve the
clot.
dissolved
104
it means it Promote coagulation
procoagulants
105
it means it inhibits coagulation
anticoagulants
106
what does coagulation of blood depend on to?
the balance between the procoagulants and anticoagulants
107
in the bloodstream why is there no coagulation that is happening?
anticoagulants is normally predominating in the blood stream
108
When a vessel is ruptured from a specific area of tissue damage, ______________ are activated and override anticoagulants that normally predominate in an automatic vessel
procoagulants
109
what are the three essential steps of clotting?
1. A complex cascade of chemical reactions in the blood
2. Prothrombin activator
3.Thrombin acts as an enzyme to convert fibrinogen to fibrin fibers to form clot
110
it is one of the three essentials of clotting where This is in response to rupture of a vessel damage to the blood itself so there will be a complex cascade of chemical reactions in the blood, involving more than a dozen blood coagulation factors. where does the description fit into?
A complex cascade of chemical reactions in the blood
111
what is the net result of a complex cascade of chemical reactions in the blood
prothrombin activator
112
belongs to the complex casecade of chemical reactions in the blood where
The net result of all chemical reaction of this complex cascade, whenever there is clotting, is the formation for ________________.
prothrombin activator.
113
one of the three essentials of clotting where it catalyze the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin. What step is this?
prothrombin activator, step 2
114
what acts as an enzyme to convert fibrinogen to fibrin fibers to form clot?
Thrombin
115
from the illustration of the conversion of prothrombin.
The end point, the net result, is the formation of a complex activated substance collectively known as __________. _________ will convert prothrombin to ________. _______ will convert ______ into ______ that will become fibrin fibers and causing the cross-linking of ________, supporting your loose platelet clot.
prothrombin activator, Prothrombin activator, thrombin, Thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin monomer, fibrin fibers
116
it is a Plasma protein, an alpha2-globulin
prothrombin
117
prothrombin is aka?
Plasma protein, an alpha2-globulin
118
what is the molecular weight of prothrombin?
68,700
119
It is present in a plasma with a normal value of _____.
prothrombin
15 mg/dL
120
it is Unstable protein, which splits easily into smaller
compounds, wherein in one of which is ______.
thrombin
121
it has a molecular weight of 33,700
thrombin
122
it has a molecular weight of 68,700
prothrombin
123
it is Continually being used throughout the body for blood
clotting. If ever you have liver diseases, it will fail to produce prothrombin. Prothrombin concentration then in the plasma will fall too law, causing abnormality in coagulation
thrombin
124
where is thombin formed?
liver
125
is required for normal activation
Vitamin K
126
what clotting factor does the vitamin K dependent on?
Factor II, VII, IX and
127
a vitamin required for normal activation?
Vitamin K
128
In cases for the lack of Vitamin K or the presence of liver
disease, it will affect the ________. That’s why the patient can have bleeding tendency results.
prothrombin formation.
129
High-molecular-weight (HMW) protein. Thus, bigger than
prothrombin
Fibrinogen
130
fibrinogen is biggen than?
prothrombin
131
it has a molecular weight of 340,000
fibrinogen
132
what is the molecular weight of fibronigen
340,000
133
It occurs in the plasma with quantities / normal value: 100-700 mg/dL
fibrinogen
134
fribinogen has a normal value of _____ in the plasma.
100-700 mg/dl
135
aside from thrombin what is also formed in the liver?
fibrinogen
136
why does little fibrinogen only leaked in the blood vessels?
due to its large molecular size
137
is one of the essential factors in the
coagulation process, interstitial fluids ordinarily do not coagulate since it cannot pass through of its large molecular size.
Fibrinogen
138
However, when the permeability of the capillaries pathologically increase such as in cases of inflammation, there will be increased permeability, _______ will leak into the tissue fluids, causing the clotting of the said fluid; much like the same with the ______ and the whole blood.
fibrinogen , plasma
139
it Protect enzyme with weak proteolytic capabilities
thrombin
140
what does thrombin protect?
protects enzymes with weak proteolytic capabilities
141
Acts on fibrinogen to remove ___________ from each molecule of fibrinogen → forming one molecule of _______ → _______ with other fibrin monomer → _______ → ________ of the blood clot
four low-molecular-weight peptides, fibrin monomer, polymerize, long fibrin fibers, reticulum
142
In the early stages of polymerization, fibrin monomer molecules are held together by ________ and the newly ________ are not cross-linked. Therefore, in this case, the resultant clot is still weak and can be broken apart.
weak covalent hydrogen bonding, forming fibers,
143
is present in small amounts in
normal plasma globulins and also released in platelets in trapping the clot that strengthens the fibrin reticulum activated by thrombin.
Fibrin stabilizing factor
144
another process of forming fibrin reticulum that will greatly strengthen the fibrin reticulum?
Fibrin Stabilizing factor (Factor 13)
145
what causes the activation of fibrin stabilizing factors?
thrombin
146
it composed of a meshwork of fibrin fibers running in all directions and entrapping cells, platelets and plasma
Blood clot
147
it adheres the damaged surfaces of the blood vessels.
Blood clot
148
where does the blood clot which composed of a meshwork fibren fibers run to?
all direction of entrapping cells, platelets and plasma
149
blood clot becomes adherent to any ________ so that it can prevent further blood loss.
vascular
opening
150
clot retraction and expression of serum occurs within?
20-60 minutes
151
fluid is expressed to?
SErum
152
When you say clot retraction, part of it is _______that is expressed from the clot.
serum / fluid
153
Why is it called serum?
It is because of all its fibrinogen
and most of the clotting factors have already been removed.
154
necessary for clot retraction to occur.
Platelets
155
failure of of clot retraction is an indicator of?
low platelets in the blood
156
bond different fibers together, release procoagulant substances and activating platelet thrombosthenin, actin, and myosin
platelets
157
they are the ones that cause contraction of platelet spicules
thrombosthenin, actin, and myosin
158
one of the most important of which is a fibrin stabilizing factor which causes more cross-linking and can also contribute directly to clot contraction by activating the contractile proteins (thombosthenine and myosin).
procoagulants substances
159
platelets that are entrapped in the clot continues to release what substances?
procoagulant substances
160
it compresses the fibrin measurements into a smaller mass
Procoagulants substances
161
the contraction of platelets is activated and accelerated by ______ and ______.
Thrombin and calcium ions
162
happens when a blood clot has already started to develop, it normally extends within minutes into surrounding blood and the clot will initiate _________.
positive feedback
163
it means it will promote more clotting
positive feedback
164
is the design of coagulation system that is also to prevent further blood loss.
prevention of clotting
165
in the positive feedback of clot formation.
For instance, thrombin has a direct ______ on the prothrombin, tending to convert this into thrombin which acts on some of the blood clotting factors which is responsible for the formation of the prothrombin activator.
Once a critical amount of _______ is formed, a ________ develops that causes more blood clotting and more thrombin to be formed. Thus, the _____ continues to grow until blood leakage ceases. This is the same phenomenon with uterus with the maturation of uterus in pregnancy; this will have a positive feedback.
proteolytic effect, thrombin, Positive feedback , blood clot
166
it allows to act on blood-clotting factors?
proteolytic action of thrombin
167
what are the acceleration factors of positive feedback of clot formation?
Factors VIII, IX, X, XI AND XII
and platelet aggregation
168
How is coagulation initiated? How do prothrombin factor take place? It will be set into play by:
- Trauma to the vascular wall and adjacent tissues
- Trauma to the blood
- Contact of the blood with damaged endothelial cells or with
collagen and other tissue elements outside the blood
vessel
169
Prothrombin activator is formed in two ways: what are those two ways?
Extrinsic pathway and Intrinsic pathway
170
one of the ways of prothrombin factor where it Begins with trauma to the vascular wall and surrounding tissue
-takes place outside
Extrinsic pathway
171
one of the prothrombin activator where it begins in the blood
intrinsic pathway
172
what are the series of different plasma protein called blood clotting factors in the formation of prothrombin activator?
Inactive form, converted to active forms, cascading reactions
173
it Begins with a traumatized vascular wall or extravascular tissue that come in contact with blood.
extrinsic pathway for initiating clotting
174
what are the steps that lead to the extrinsic pathway for initiating clotting?
Release of Tissue factor or Tissue Thromboplastin
Activation of Factor X
Formation of Prothrombin Activator
175
one of the steps that leads to the extrinsic pathway for initiatting clotting where
- Traumatized tissue will release tissue factor
- The said factor is composed of phospholipids from membranes of tissues plus lipoprotein complex that
functions mainly as proteolytic enzyme
Release of Tissue factor or Tissue Thromboplastin
176
in the release of tissue factor or tissue thromboplastin, The said factor is composed of ______ from membranes of tissues plus lipoprotein complex that
functions mainly as _________.
phospholipids, proteolytic enzyme
177
in the activation of factor X, Lipoprotein complex of tissue factor complexes with blood coagulation _______ and in the presence of Calcium ions will act on _______.
Factor VII, Factor X
178
in the Formation of Prothrombin Activator, _______ will now combine immediately with _______ that are part of the tissue factors with additional phospholipids released from platelets, as well as _______ to form complex called prothrombin activator.
Activated Factor X, tissue phospholipids, Factor V
179
what element splits prothrombin in to thrombin?
Calcium
180
in the formation of prothrombin Activator.
At first, the Factor V in the ______ complex is inactive but once clotting begins, _____ begins to form and the proteolytic action of thrombin activates ______.
prothrombin activator, thrombin, Factor V.
181
in the formation of prothrombin activator.
Activation of ______ becomes an additional strong accelerator and thus in the final prothrombin activator complex, the activated _______ is the actual protease that cause the splitting of prothrombin to form _______ and the activated ______ greatly accelerates these protein’s activity.
Factor V, Factor X, thrombin, Factor V
182
is the actual protease that cause splitting of prothrombin
Factor V
183
they act as a vehicle that further accelerates the process in the formation of prothrombin.
Paltelet phospholipid
184
in the process of extrinsic pathway.
First, there will be a release in the _______ once there is tissue trauma. Once there is a release in the tissue factor, this factor is composed again of phospholipids from the membranes of the traumatized tissue plus _________ that functions mainly as a proteolytic enzyme that will activate the _______. _______, with the help of calcium ions will activate Factor X. activated _______, together with calcium and ______ which is an accelerator in this case, will activate prothrombin activator. With the aid of phospholipids, prothrombin will be converted to _______.
tissue factor, lipoprotein complex, Factor VII, Factor VII, Factor X, Factor V , thrombin
185
Begins with trauma to the blood or exposure of the blood to vascular wall collagen from a traumatized blood vessel wall alters two important clotting factors
Intrinsic Pathway for Initiating Clotting
186
what are the steps of the intrinsic pathway for initiating clotting?
1. Activation of Factor XII and release of platelet phospholipids
2. Activation of Factor XI
3. Activation of Factor IX
4. Activation of Factor X
5. Formation prothrombin activator.
187
1. Activation of Factor XII and release of platelet phospholipids → contain platelet _______
factor 3
188
this is when When factor XII is disturbed, such as the blood vessel,
collagen will come into contact or with a wettable surface such as glass. It takes on a new molecular configuration. Factor XII will now become activated. What step does this belong in the intrinsicc pathway for intiating clotting?
1. Activation of Factor XII and release of platelet phospholipids
189
in the activation of FActor XII and release of platelet phospholipids. The blood trauma also damages platelets because of the adherence to your _______ and to the surface. This releases now your platelet _______, which also plays a role in the clotting reaction.
collagen, Factor III
190
This is the second step in Intrinsic Pathway.
Activation of Factor XI
191
in this step of the intrinsic pathway is where the activated factor XII will activate the factor XI.
it is also where reactions requires high molecular-weight kininogen and accelerated by prekallikrein.
Activation of Factor XI
192
in the activation of factor XI, what are required in the reaction of activation of Factor XI?
requires high molecular-weight kininogen
and accelerated by prekallikrein.
193
this step belongs to the intrinsic pathway where "After the activation of Factor XI, activated Factor XI will activate Factor IX." what step is this?
Activation of Factor IX
194
this step belongs to the intrinsic pathway where "Factor IX acts enzymatically, which will activate Factor X with the help of Factor VIII, platelet phospholipids, and Factor III—these will activate Factor X and it is clear that when either Factor VIII or platelets are in short supply, this step will be affected.." what step is this?
Activation of Factor IX
195
In cases of deficiency of Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor A), In cases of classic hemophilia, this will cause decrease or less activation of ______.
Factor X
196
in the intrinsic pathway of activation of factor IX,
Factor IX acts ________, which will activate _______ with the help of Factor VIII, platelet phospholipids, and Factor III—these will activate Factor X and it is clear that when either Factor VIII or platelets are in short supply, this step will be affected.
enzymatically, Factor X
197
in the intrinsic pathway of activation of factor IX,
Factor IX acts enzymatically, which will activate Factor X with the help of ________, _______, ______—these will activate Factor X and it is clear that when either Factor VIII or platelets are in short supply, this step will be affected.
Factor VIII, platelet phospholipids, and Factor III
198
what is required about the activation of factor x?
Requires activated Factor IX, Activated Factor VIII and platelet phospholipids and Factor III
199
what is missing in the person with classic hemophilia?
Factor VIII (Antihemophilic factor)
200
what case happens when a person has no Factor VIII?
CLassic hemophilia
201
it is the lacking of platelets
Thrombocytopenia
202
This will also decrease or less activation of factor X.
thrombocytopenia
203
what happens where there is no presence of platelets phospholipids in the intrensic pathway?
affects the process of intrensic pathway
204
what are needed in step 4 of intrinsic pathway to move on to step 5?
activated Factor x from your activated IX with the help your factor VIII and platelet phospholipids and factor III
205
what happens in the 5th step of intrensinc pathway?
Activated Factor X
combines with Factor V and platelet or tissue phospholipids to form the complex -> formation of thrombin -> clotting
206
is the net result of the coagulation system.
formation of prothrombin activator
207
This step is the same as the last step in the extrinsic pathway. Activated factor X combines with Factor V and platelet or tissue phospholipids to form the complex.
formation of prothrombin activator
208
in the the 5th step of intrinsic pathway for initiating clotting. Once the complex is formed your _________, it will initiate within seconds the cleavage or the _________ to form now your _________. There by setting into motion the final cutting process.
prothrombin activator, activation of your prothrombin, thrombin
209
If there is blood trauma or contact with collagen, ______ becomes activated and in the activation of your ______, activated Factor XII needs the help of your high molecular weight ________ and ________.
The high molecular _______, ________, and activated _______ will now activate your Factor XI. With the help of your ________, _______ will activate your Factor IX.
So with _______ , ________, and your ________, your factor VIII will now convert your factor X into activated _______—This will now be your __________.
The ___________, with the help of activated Factor X, _________, & _______, will convert prothrombin to _______, with the help also of platelet phospholipids.
Factor XII, Factor XI, kininogen, prekallikrein
2nd paragraph: kininogen, prekalikrein and Factor XII, calcium, Factor XI
3rd paragraph: Factor IX, Factor VIII, platelet phospholipids, Factor X, prothrombin activator
4th paragraph: prothrombin activator, Calcium ions, Factor V, thrombin
210
_________ are required for promotion or acceleration of all the blood-clotting reactions
Calcium ions
211
another name of you calcium is _____?
Factor IV
212
an event where there is low calcium levels in the blood?
hypocalcemia
213
Calcium ion concentration _______ to significantly affect the kinetics of blood clotting
seldom falls low enough
214
However, blood is removed from a person it can be
prevented from the clotting by reducing the calcium ion concentration below the threshold and this is actually the _________.
principle of your citrate
215
what tube precipitates calcium and oxalate?
citrate tube (Light blue top)
216
how are oxalate ions formed?
Prevention of blood clotting in vitro → deionizing the calcium → citrate or precipitating calcium
217
The citrate ________ the calcium while oxalate _______ the calcium
deionizes, precipitates
218
what factors and activator are in need of calcium?
Factor IX, X and formation of prothrombin activator
219
in the activation of ________ and also the formation of the _______ in extrinsic pathway that requires your calcium ions.
Factor X ,prothrombin activator
220
what are stimulus for activation of the intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway?
intrinsic - Factor XII comes contact with subendothelial collagen
Extrinsic - blood vessel injury or tissue thromboplastin
221
The entire cascade is intrinsic to the circulatory system and the vessel wall. what pathway is it referring to?
intrinsic pathway
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Called “extrinsic” because it is activated by a factor extrinsic to plasma (I.e., tissue thromboplastin). what pathway is it referring to?
extrinsic
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what is the inhibitor of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway?
Intrinsic - thrombomodulin
extrinsic - Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)
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what are the contents of thrombomodulin?
thrombin complex and activated protein c
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forms a complex with tissue thromboplastin and Factor VIIa and Factor Xa
tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)
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meaning of TFPI?
Tissue Factor Pathway inhibitor
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what is the time of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway?
intrinsic- longer of the two cascades
Extrinsic - shorter of the two cascades
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what factor belongs to the intrinsic pathway?
endothelia surface factor
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what are the endothelial surface factors?
1. Smoothness of the endothelial cell surface
2. Layer of glycocalyx on the endothelium
3. Thrombomodulin
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what endothelial factor does this belong to?
prevents contact activation
Smoothness of the endothelial cell surface
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it is a factor of the endothelial surface where Platelets only adhere to injured blood vessels so if there's no injury it’s just a smooth endothelial cell surface so it will prevent contact activation. What factor does this belong to?
Prevents contact activation, belong to smoothness of the endothelial cell surface
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what repels clotting factors and platelets, this belongs to the endothelial surface factors
Layer of glycocalyx on the endothelium
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Protein bound with the Endothelial membrane that binds thrombin and thrombomodulin-thrombin complex activates protein C-inactivates Factor V and VIII
Thrombomodulin
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It slows down the cutting process by removing the thrombin and activates the plasma protein through protein C
protein C-inactivates Factor V and VIII
