muscoskeletal system

Question 1

structure is nearer the vertex

Answer 1

superior

Question 2

structure that is situated nearer the sole of the foot

Answer 2

inferior

Question 3

related to the cranium and is a useful directional
term, meaning toward the head or cranium; head = reference
point

Answer 3

cranial

Question 4

useful directional term that means toward the feet or
tail region, represented in humans by the coccyx (tail bone);
reference point = coccyx

Answer 4

causal

Question 5

back surface of the body or nearer to the back; no
specific point of reference. Refers to the back surface.

Answer 5

posterior

Question 6

front surface of the body; no specific point of
reference. Refers to the front surface.

Answer 6

anterior

Question 7

structure is nearer to the median plane of the body;
point of reference: median plane

Answer 7

medial

Question 8

structureisfartherawayfromthemedianplane;point
of reference: median plane

Answer 8

lateral

Question 9

superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly
from the body. Eg. Penis, nose, feet

Answer 9

dorsum

Question 10

nferior aspect or bottom of the foot, opposite the dorsum.

Answer 10

sole

Question 11

surface of the hand and fingers corresponding to the palm; refer to specific areas like hands

Answer 11

palmar surface

Question 12

surface of the foot and toes corresponding
to the sole; refer to specific areas like sole

Answer 12

plantar surface

Question 13

position of structures
relative to the surface of the body.

Answer 13

superficial, intermediate and deep

Question 14

contrasting positions nearer to or farther
from the attachment of a limb; point of reference: trunk

Answer 14

Proximal & Distal,

Question 15

highest point of the body; the bony landmark of the
skull.

Answer 15

vertex

Question 16

what are the functions of the bones?

Answer 16

support, protection, allows movements, blood cell formation, storage

Question 17

occurs in the red marrow cavities of certain bones

Answer 17

hematopoiesis

Question 18

is stored in the internal (marrow) cavities of bones. A yellow structure inside the madellar cavity

Answer 18

fat

Question 19

_____________ are usually red, meaning it is active in producing different cell lines such as red and white blood cells. But as we age and grow older, these are replaced by _____.

Answer 19

marrows and fat

Question 20

serves as the storehouse for minerals

Answer 20

bone

Question 21

what are the minerals that are important for the bone?

Answer 21

calcium and phosphate

Question 22

most of the body’s calcium are deposited in the bones as ___________

Answer 22

calcium salts

Question 23

Generally cube-shaped
Made up mostly of spongy bone (middle) with an outer
layer of compact bone

Answer 23

short bones

Question 24

special bones made or which form within
tendons, are a special type of short bone.

Answer 24

sesamoid bones

Question 25

where are the sesamoid bones usually found?

Answer 25

patella

Question 26

examples of short bones?

Answer 26

wrist and ankles, sesamoid bones, talus

Question 27

Dense and looks smooth and homogenous

Answer 27

compact bones

Question 28

Spongy bone has a spiky, open appearance like a sponge

Answer 28

spongy bones

Question 29

they are the macrophages of the bones

Answer 29

osteoclasts

Question 30

macrophages if they are in the lungs

Answer 30

alveolar

Question 31

macrophages of the brain

Answer 31

microbial cells

Question 32

macrophages of the liver?

Answer 32

copper cells

Question 33

Produce acid and protein-digesting enzymes used in bone reabsorption

Answer 33

osteoclasts

Question 34

Tiny Cavities in the bone matrix containing the osteocytes

Answer 34

lacuna

Question 35

Typically longer than they are wide Asarule,theyhaveashaftwithenlargedcells

Answer 35

long bones 1

Question 36

Mature bone cell

Answer 36

osteocytes

Question 37

Mature bone cells found in tiny cavities called

Answer 37

lacunae

Question 38

they are the bone-building cells and immature bone cells

Answer 38

osteoblasts

Question 39

calcium and phosphate are combined to form the _________, which forms the bone matrix

Answer 39

hydroxyapatite

Question 40

the formation of the bone matrix

Answer 40

ossification

Question 41

are lacunae that are arranged in concentric circles

Answer 41

lamellae

Question 42

they are tiny canals radiating outwards from the central canal

Answer 42

canaliculi

Question 43

Transportation system that connects bone cells for nutrient supply and waste removal

Answer 43

canaliculi

Question 44

Same as canaliculi but run in the opposite direction— Periosteum towards the central canal which contains blood vessels.

Answer 44

perforating canals (volkmann's canals)

Question 45

brings waste from the periosteum or from the bone towards the veins and back to the heart.

Answer 45

perforating canals

Question 46

Structural and Functional unit of the bone Complex consisting of central canal and matrix rings with blood vessels, nerve, and bone matrix.

Answer 46

osteon

Question 47

what are the 2 types of bone formation?

Answer 47

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

Question 48

Expansionofcentersofossificationonmembraneslaterally or from the centers, resulting oldest bones in the center of the membrane.

Answer 48

intramembranous ossification

Question 49

at what blueprint is being used during the making of endochondral ossification?

Answer 49

blueprint of a hyaline cartilage model

Question 50

endochondral type of ossification.

Answer 50

Bone growth

Question 51

occurs when there are patient’s habitus, gains weight, lack of calcium, the bone will grow crosswise or increasing in the width in bearing weight just to compensate. Other patients will have bone fractures. Remodeling will have a role in preserving fragments or debris from factors.

Answer 51

bone remodelling

Question 52

Diseases of children in which bones fails to calcify

Answer 52

rickets

Question 53

Bonebreakscleanlybutdoesnotpenetratetheskin Injurystaysinside.Notexposedtotheoutside,hence,less chances of getting pathogens to come contact with injury and less blood loss.

Answer 53

Closed (simple) fractures

Question 54

Broken bone ends to penetrate through the skin Blood loss is more severe and more chances of getting infected.

Answer 54

Simple (Compound) fractures

Question 55

2 major bone groups

Answer 55

Axial and appendicular