Herpesviridae and Asfarviridae Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Describe the genome of family Herpesviridae
A
Monopartite (non-segmented) linear DSDNA
2
Q
The mature virions of Herpesviridae accumulate in vacuoles in the _______
A
cytoplasm
3
Q
monopartite, linear DSDNA replication of Herpesviridae occurs in the _______
A
nucleus
4
Q
Most Herpesviruses are host specific except for ________
which has a broad host range
A
Pseudorabies
5
Q
What type of eosinophlic intranuclear inclusion body is pathognomonic of family Herpesviridae**?
A
Type A Cowdry Bodies that form Syncytium
6
Q
*Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis, Infectious Balanoposthitis *and abortion
are diseases associated with this virus.
A
Bovine Herpesvirus 1
7
Q
*Bovine mammalitis *and Pseudo-lumpy skin disease
are diseases associated with this virus.
A
Bovine Herpesvirus 2
8
Q
Bovine *encephalitis *is a disease associated with this virus
A
Bovine Herpesvirus 3
9
Q
Abortion, Respiratory Disease, Encephalitis, and Perinatal foal mortality
are diseases associated with this virus.
A
Equine Herpesvirus 1
10
Q
*Coital exanthema *is a disease associated with this virus in horses
A
Equine Herpesvirus 3
11
Q
*Rhinopneumonitis *is a disease associated with this virus in horses
A
Equine Herpesvirus 4
12
Q
Pseudorabies aka Aujeszky’s Disease
are diseases associated with this virus.
A
Porcine Herpesvirus 1
13
Q
Marek’s Disease of Chickens (serotype 1 infectious serotype)
is a disease associated with this virus
A
Gallid Herpesvirus 2
14
Q
Hemorrhagic disease in puppies
is associated with this virus
A
Canine Herpesvirus 1
15
Q
What are the 2 modes of transmission in BHV1?
A
Droplet
and
Venereal
16
Q
What are the 3 subtypes of Bovine Herpesvirus 1?
A
Respiratory
Genital
Encephalitic
17
Q
BHV1 can be reactivated by stress and _________
A
corticosteroids
18
Q
What is the site of latency in BHV1 Respiratory type?
A
Trigeminal Nerve
19
Q
What is the site of latency in BHV1 Genital Type?
A
Sciatic Nerve
20
Q
How do you differentiate the *ocular form of bovine herpesvirus 1 *
from
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (Pink Eye) caused by Moraxella bovis?
A
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (BHV1)
will have lesions that are confined to the conjunctiva
where as Pink Eye can present as lesions on the cornea
21
Q
The respiratory form of *BHV1 *is also called Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis.
What are 3 other names for it?
A
Red Nose
Necrotic Rhinitis
Dust Pneumonia
22
Q
Cows that die from *IBR *caused by BHV1 die from
secondary __________
A
bronchopneumonia
23
Q
Abortion is associated with BHV1.
Fetuses in the ________ half of gestation have a higher incidence of abortion
A
2nd half
24
Q
*BHV1 *related abortion is often preceded by _________
A
_ pustular vulvovaginitis_
25
A calf less than 10 days old presents with fever, diarrhea, respiratory distress, ocular discharge, and incoordination.
After a few days, this calf starts convulsing and eventually dies.
Upon necropsy, small ulcers in the lining of the forestomachs and peritonitis are seen.
Histology shows intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies forming syncytium
What is your diagnosis? What is this disease called?
Systemic Disease of Newborn Calves
caused by *BHV1*
26
A farmer calls reporting frequent urination, a red and swollen vulva with red spots, and mild vaginal discharge in his cow. He also noticed that his bull had inflammation and pustules on his penis and prepuce. Apparently, about 2 days ago, this bull had gotten into that cow's pen.
What is your diagnosis of the Cow? Of the Bull? What are these diseases caused by?
Cow- *Infectious Pustular Vaginitis*
Bull- *Balanoposthitis*
Both caused by *BHV1*
27
T/F:
Parenteral vaccination can be used to treat pregnant cows with *BHV1*
FALSE!!
Parenteral vaccination can cause abortion in pregnant cows!
Treat with **intranasal vaccine instead!**
28
A cowherd in **south africa** notices skin nodules on the face, back, neck, and perineum of his cattle that appeared suddenly, out of nowhere. He describes the nodules as having a flat surface with a slightly depressed center, and necrosis of the epidermis at these nodules. You happen to know that this is high time for mosquitoes in south africa.
What is your diagnosis? How can you confirm it?
Because of the location in **south africa** rather than **sub-saharan africa**
your first differential would be ***Pseudo-lumpy skin disease*** rather than *Lumpy Skin Disease.*
To confirm this, take a sample and have histology done on it.
If **intranuclear eosinophilic Type A Cowdry Bodies are seen**,
it is *Pseudo-lumpy skin disease *caused by ***Bovine Herpesvirus 2 (BHV2)***
29
*Pseudorabies*, also known as *Aujesky's Disease* or *Mad Itch*
is caused by this virus
***Porcine Herpesvirus 1***
30
T/F:
*Pseudorabies (PHV1)* is shed in **saliva, nasal discharges, milk of infected pigs, urine, and feces**
FALSE!!
*PHV1* is NOT shed in urine or feces!!!
31
Clinical signs of *Pseudorabies* depends on the ______ of the animal
**_AGE_**
32
Cats, Dogs, and Cattle are secondary hosts of *Pseudorabies PHV1*.
How do cats and dogs get the infection?
How do cattle get *Pseudorabies*?
Cats and Dogs- eat infected meat
Cattle- DIRECT contact with infected pigs, or oral or nasal routes
33
The primary site of *PHV1 Pseudorabies* replication is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**upper respiratory tract**
34
How does *Pseudorabies* spread to the CNS? Where does it remain latent?
**Via axons of cranial nerves**
and
**remains latent in the neurons of the pons and medulla**
35
What are the 3 types of typical lesions seen in the brain of a pig with *pseudorabies?*
**Ganglioneuritis**
**Nonsuppurative Meningoencephalitis**
**Perivascular Cuffing**
36
In a really fucked up experiment in a vet school in Russia,
A Dog, Cat, Cow, and Pig are all injected with the same virus.
After a few days, the vet students have to come back in and diagnose the animals based on their clinical signs. Strangely enough, the dog, and cow were itching like crazy, and the cat died before any signs were observed. Eventually the cow died from respiratory failure and the dog just sat there and howled with drool coming down the sides of its face. Surprisingly, the 2 year old male pig had no symptoms at all and just looked at all the other animals like they were crazy.
**What is your diagnosis?**
***Pseudorabies caused by PHV1***
37
T/F:
Abortion storms are frequently seen in mares afflicted with *Equine Herpesvirus 4*
FALSE!!
Abortion storms are seen in ***Equine Herpesvirus 1***
NOT 4
38
This virus is **endemic worldwide** and is spread through direct or indirect contact with nasal discharge, aborted fetuses, placenta or placental fluid.
It remains latent in the CNS trigeminal ganglia and the lymphocytes
in horses. Clinical signs include **abortion** and **CNS symptoms.**
***Equine Herpesvirus 1 ***
39
T/F:
Mostly old horse get the respiratory form of *Equine Herpesvirus 1*
FALSE!!
Mostly **YOUNG** horses get *EHV1*
40
A horse is displaying CNS signs that are progressively getting worse.
At first, he was slightly incoordinated in his hind limbs. This progressed to quadriplegia and eventually, the horse could no longer stand. Soon after, he died.
Upon necropsy, pre-mortem hemorrhage was seen in the brain and spinal cord.
In histology, intranuclear, eosinophilic Type A Cowdry bodies were seen.
**What is your diagnosis?**
*Encephalomyopathy (EHM) caused by Equine Herpesvirus 1*
41
A farmer on a horse farm noticed that a mare of his had aborted during her **last trimester**. Soon after, 8 other mares also aborted one after the other in their last trimesters. The farmer keeps all of his mares in one enclosed pen.
What is going on? What is causing this?
**ABORTION STORMS**
caused by *Equine Herpesvirus 1*
because a bunch of mares were exposed to the aborted conceptus.
42
***EHV 1 *often results in viremia. Does *EHV-4?***
NO. *Equine herpesvirus 1 *is the only one that results in viremia.
43
T/F:
A horse is more likely to die from *EHV1 *than *EHV4*
TRUE
*EHV 4 *rarely causes death, and only really causes mild infection of the upper respiratory tract
44
Because infection of *Porcine Herpesvirus 1 *is dependent on age, the clinical signs vary.
## Footnote
**What would you expect to see in a piglet?**
**In a weaned or growing pig?**
**In a pregnant sow in her 1st month of pregnancy?**
**In a pregnant sow in late pregnancy? **
Piglet- CNS signs like incoordination of hindlimbs, tremors, and outstretched limbs
Weaned or Growing Pig- More respiratory signs, but can have CNS signs if severe
Sow before day 30- Death and reabsorption of embryo
Sow in late pregnancy- Mummified, macerated, stillborn or weak or normal piglets
45
Hemorrhagic Disease of Puppies (Fading Puppy Syndrome) is caused by this virus
Canine Herpesvirus 1
46
How does a **puppy** contract Hemorrhagic Disease of Puppies (Fading Puppy Syndrome- CHV1) ?
Through infected secretions
nasal, oral, or vaginal
47
Can **older dogs **contract Hemorrhagic Disease of Puppies
(Fading Puppy Syndrome- CHV1)?
If so, how do they get it?
YES.
It is a venereal disease or by contact with infected saliva, nasal discharge, or urine
48
If a bitch contracts
Hemorrhagic Disease of Puppies (Fading Puppy Syndrome- CHV1)
with puppies in utero, most of the puppies will be aborted, or born as still births.
What happens to the puppies that survive?
Suviving puppies develop
**Systemic CHV1 infections**
which can cause *Ataxia* and *Blindness*
49
Puppies less than _________________ old
are susceptible to **fatal generalized infection**
Less than 1 week old
50
Trace the pathogenesis of
Hemorrhagic Disease of Puppies (Fading Puppy Syndrome- CHV1)
in a **systemic neonatal infection**
Replication of CHV1 --\> Mucosal invasion --\> **Viremia** --\> Diffuse necrotizing vasculitis --\> multiple hemorrhagic necrosis in many organs --\> Thrombocytopenia and DIC
51
What is the **critical governing factor **of systemic neonatal infections of puppies with
Hemorrhagic Disease of Puppies (Fading Puppy Syndrome- CHV1)?
**_TEMPERATURE_**
CHV1 replicates optimally at 33C in the genital and upper respiratory tracts
Puppies cannot thermoregulate and depend solely on mom
The more severe the hypothermia, the more severe and rapid the CHV1 infection
52
Puppies born from __________ moms are **highly vulnerable **to the **severe form** of CHV1
_seronegative_
Seropositive mothers confer immunity to pups against CHV1
53
CNS infection is sometimes involved in puppy infection with Hemorrhagic Disease of Puppies (Fading Puppy Syndrome-CHV1).
This CNS disease is common in **oro-nasally infected pups and may travel up the axons into the CNS.**
*Meningoencephalitis*
54
A breeder of "pure-bred chihuahuas" on St. Kitts brings a litter of puppies to the VTH. The puppies are crying in pain and have abdominal pain. The aren't eating and are passing soft odorless green stools. It is noted that surprisingly, none of the pups have an elevated temperature. The owner says that this bitch has had puppies before, but they came out still born and some looked "mummified".
Upon necropsy of one of the puppies that had died, focal areas of necrosis in multiple organs were found and histology showed intranuclear inclusion bodies.
**What is your diagnosis?**
Hemorrhagic Disease of Puppies (Fading Puppy Syndrome-CHV1)
55
A breeder of "pure-bred chihuahuas" on St. Kitts brings a litter of puppies to the VTH. The puppies are crying in pain and have abdominal pain. The aren't eating and are passing soft odorless green stools. It is noted that surprisingly, none of the pups have an elevated temperature. The owner says that this bitch has had puppies before, but they came out still born and some looked "mummified".
Upon necropsy of one of the puppies that had died, focal areas of necrosis in multiple organs were found and histology showed intranuclear inclusion bodies.
**How is CHV-1 in puppies prevented or controlled?**
Reduce hypothermia with heated whelping boxes and infrared lamps.
Isolate the infected bitch and pups
56
What are the 2 most common causes of respiratory infection in cats?
***FHV 1***
***Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Rhinotracheitis)***
and
***FCV (Feline calcivirus)***
57
T/F:
Oral ulcers are common in cats with **FHV1** and rare in cats with **FCV**
FALSE!!!!
Oral ulcers are **RARE in Feline Herpesvirus 1 infections**
and common in cats with Feline Calcivirus
58
Fluorescein is used in the detection of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
in cats with **Feline Herpesvirus 1**
_corneal ulcers_
59
*Feline Herpesvirus 1 * is spread through direct contact with an infected cat
and shed primarily in these 3 secretions
Ocular, Nasal, and Oral secretions
60
*Feline Herpesvirus 1 *replicates in the **mucosae of nasal septum, turbinates, nasopharynx, and tonsils.**
What does this tell you about viremia?
**Viremia is RARE**
because Feline Herpesvirus 1 likes to replicated in areas of LOW temperature
and won't go systemic due to the higher body temp
61
Cindy has 2 outdoor female cats that are not spayed. She notices that her 2 females cats are pregnant, at the same time. Unfortunately, one queen, Millie, aborts her litter at **~6 weeks**. The other queen, Fluffy, carries her kittens to full term and delivers. Cindy notices that Millie has been helping Fluffy take care of the kittens by grooming them. Soon after this, the kittens start displaying respiratory signs, *sneezing, coughing, ocular and nasal discharge, with severe rhinotracheitis*. Some of the kittens eyes look reddened and irritated. She checks their mouths for ulcers, but there are none.
## Footnote
**What is your diagnosis? How can you confirm? **
*Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Rhinotracheitis)*
Confirm with histology to see if there are the Type A Cowdry bodies (eosinophilic intranuclear unclusions)
62
Cindy has 2 outdoor female cats that are not spayed. She notices that her 2 females cats are pregnant, at the same time. Unfortunately, one queen, Millie, aborts her litter at ~6 weeks. The other queen, Fluffy, carries her kittens to full term and delivers. Cindy notices that Millie has been helping Fluffy take care of the kittens by grooming them. Soon after this, the kittens start displaying respiratory signs, sneezing, coughing, ocular and nasal discharge, with severe rhinotracheitis. Some of the kittens eyes look reddened and irritated. She checks their mouths for ulcers, but there are none.
## Footnote
**How do you know this is not Feline Calcivirus? Why would you check the eyes of the kittens and what is the process?**
It is not FCV because the kittens have NO ULCERS in their mouth
You want to check the eyes for *superficial dendritic ulcers of the cornea* using **fluorescein ophthalmic strips**
63
Cindy has 2 outdoor female cats that are not spayed. She notices that her 2 females cats are pregnant, at the same time. Unfortunately, one queen, Millie, aborts her litter at ~6 weeks. The other queen, Fluffy, carries her kittens to full term and delivers. Cindy notices that Millie has been helping Fluffy take care of the kittens by grooming them. Soon after this, the kittens start displaying respiratory signs, sneezing, coughing, ocular and nasal discharge, with severe rhinotracheitis. Some of the kittens eyes look reddened and irritated. She checks their mouths for ulcers, but there are none.
## Footnote
**If a kitten is to die, what would you expect to see on necropsy knowing this is FHV1?**
Characteristic lesions of *Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Rhinotracheitis)* are:
Necrosis of epithelia of the upper respiratory tract
(nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, tonsils, trachea)
Bronchopneumonia in young kittens is characteristic as well.
64
A *diphtheritic membrane forming a second tube a blocking the trachea*
is characteristic of what viral disease of birds?
*Gallid Herpesvirus 1 (ILT- Infectious Laryngotracheitis)*
65
There are 2 forms of Gallid Herpesvirus 1 (ILT- Infectious Laryngotracheitis).
Severe (epizootic) form and Mild (enzootic) form
**Which is more common?**
The mild enzootic form is more common
66
The owner of a chicken farm notices that his chickens are dying. Many are lethargic and have swollen eyelids, red eyes and ocular and nasal discharge. He has noticed a drop in egg production as well.
## Footnote
**What is your diagnosis? How will you confirm?**
*Gallid Herpesvirus 1 (Infectious Laryngotracheitis)*
Intranuclear eosinophilc inclusion bodies on histology
will confirm the
**mild enzootic form of GHV1**
67
The owner of a chicken farm notices that his chickens are dying. Many are lethargic and have swollen eyelids, red eyes and ocular and nasal discharge. He has noticed a drop in egg production as well. *After a few days*, the chickens start having severe respiratory distress. It seems like they are shaking their heads and coughing when they do it. When they breathe, they have a hard time breathing in and their necks are raised and their heads are extended when they try to. When the chickens cough, they are expelling bloody mucous.
## Footnote
**What is your diagnosis? What will you expect to see as a characteristic of this viral disease upon necropsy?**
*Gallid Herpesvirus 1 (Infectious Laryngotracheitis)*
**Formation of diphtheritic membranes in the trachea that caused the asphyxia**
68
The owner of a chicken farm notices that his chickens are dying. Many are lethargic and have swollen eyelids, red eyes and ocular and nasal discharge. He has noticed a drop in egg production as well. After confirming that this is indeed *Gallid Herpesvirus 1 (Infectious Laryngotracheitis)*, and that it is an OUTBREAK situation, what is your advice to the farmer?
Unfortunately, because this is highly infectious, he must kill all the birds and disinfect the premises.
69
Are there vaccines avaiable for chickens with ILT (GHV1)?
If so, describe them.
CEO Vaccine- capable of reverting back to virulence, but gives better immunity
TCO Vaccine- will never revert back to virulence, but confers less immunity
Pox-vector recombination vaccine- work well but problems--\>once, 2 types of vaccines were given to 1 population of chicks, and the virus recombined and formed **2 new strains of ILT** which resulted in outbreaks and severe economic loss
70
Fowl paralysis
Range paralysis
Polyneuritis
and
Neurolymphmatosis
**are all synonyms for this viral disease**
*Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)*
mostly in chickens
71
This virus of chickens is highly contagious and transmitted through inhalation of cell free viruses in feather follicles, and viruses in dander. It has 4 pathotypes. What is it and what species does it infect?
*Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)*
infects mostly chickens
72
There are 4 pathotypes of *Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)*
Which pathotype has a
**high incidence of neural and visceral lymphomas**
and
**viruses are oncogenic in bivalent vaccinated chickens**?
Very Virulent Plus (vv+MDV)
73
*There are 4 pathotypes of Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)*
Which pathotypes are preventable with turkey HVT vaccines?
Mild (mMDV)
and
Virulent (vMDV)
74
There are 4 pathotypes of *Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)*
What is the difference between vMDV (virulent) and vvMDV (very virulent)?
both vMDV and vvMDV have high incidences of neural and visceral lymphomas
but
vMDV is preventable with HVT vaccine whereas vvMDV is oncogenic in chickens vaccinated with HVT. vvMDV can only be prevented using a **bivalent vaccine**
75
Where is Marek's Disease found inside the body of an infected chicken?
In the **spleen, thymus, and BF (bursa of fabricius)**
## Footnote
*Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)*
76
The pathogenesis of *Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)* is confusing because there are many overlapping virus-cell interactions observed.
What are the 4 types of MD Infections a bird can be faced with? (NOT the pathotypes)
**Fully Productive Infection**
**Productive-Restrictive Infection**
**Non-Productive Infection**
**Non-Productive Neoplastic Transformation**
77
In *Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)*, which type of infection does the following describe?
**Production of enveloped virions and cell lysis**
**Occurs in feather follicles**
**Infected T cells act as a Trojan Horse by which MDV enters the follicle**
**Fully Productive Infection**
78
*In Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)*, which type of infection does the following describe?
## Footnote
**Production of naked virions (not infectious) and viral antigens**
**Profound immunosuppression**
**Cytolytic replication in B cells and activated CD4+ T cells**
**Productive-Restrictive Infection**
79
*In Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease),* which type of infection does the following describe?
## Footnote
**Viral genome persists in CD 4+ T cells**
**NO antigens expressed**
**Non-Productive Latent Infection**
80
*In Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease),* which type of infection does the following describe?
**A new antigen MATSA appears in transformed CD 4+ T cells.**
**Non-productive NEOPLASTIC Transformation**
81
Lesions in* Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)*
result from infiltration and in-situ proliferation of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
_transformed T-cells_
82
In *Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)* susceptibility varies based on
**MHC Class II Haplotypes**
Which haplotype is SUSCEPTIBLE?
**B19 **haplotype is SUSCEPTIBLE to *Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)*
83
In *Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)* susceptibility varies based on
**MHC Class II Haplotypes**
Which haplotype is *genetically resistant?*
**B21 haplotype** is GENETICALLY RESISTANT to *Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)*
84
The owner of a chicken farm has noticed his chickens acting strange. They are presenting with lameness and droopy wings. Some cannot hold their heads up or are twisting their necks in abnormal ways. They are generally incoordinated.
Upon necropsy, enlargement of the vagus, brachial, and sciatic nerves are noted. The bursa is atrophied and the bird has nodular skin lesions under plucked feathers.
There are diffuse nodular tumors all over its liver, spleen, heart, lungs, and proventriculus.
**What is your diagnosis? What is the next step?**
*Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)*
**This is a REPORTABLE disease, you must report it**
85
The owner of a chicken farm has noticed his chickens acting strange. They are presenting with lameness and droopy wings. Some cannot hold their heads up or are twisting their necks in abnormal ways. They are generally incoordinated.
Upon examination of an affected chicken, you notice a strange *graying of the iris* in its eyes, and its pupils are not contracting and dilating as they should. It seems to be going blind as well.
What is the diagnosis? What is causing the "pearl eye"?
*Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)*
**T- cell infiltration is what is causing the graying irises**
86
Are there vaccines for *Gallid Herpesvirus 2 (Marek's Disease)?*
YES!
**HVT vaccine**
**HVT Bivalent Vaccine**
HVT + a strain of Gallid Herpesvirus 3
**Attenuated Marek's Disease Virus Strain Vaccine**
commonly mixed with HVT
87
*Porcine Herpesvirus 1 *is of subfamily \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
while
*Porcine Herpesvirus 2 *is of subfamily \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**PHV1 **is *ALPHAherpesvirinae*
**PHV2** is *BETAherpesvirinae*
88
The following characteristics describe which subfamily of *Herpesviridae?*
## Footnote
**Slowly replicating viruses**
**Cytomegaly of infected cells (enlargement)**
**Maintained in latent form in salivary glands, macrophages, and lymphocytes**
**Continuous virus shedding**
*BETAherpesvirinae*
like
*Porcine Herpesvirus 2 (Inclusion Body Rhinitis)*
89
The primary site of viral replication in *Porcine Herpesvirus 2 (Inclusion Body Rhinitis)*
is which two places?
Nasal mucous glands
Upper respiratory tract epithelium
90
*Porcine Herpesvirus 2 (Inclusion Body Rhinitis)*
is also known as
**PCMV**
**Porcine Cytomegalovirus**
91
In a fucked up study at a vet school in Russia, pigs of all ages were injected with the same virus. After a few days, the students were told to come back and make a diagnosis based on the clinical signs.
In the *suckling piglets*, mucopurulent rhinitis with sneezing, respiratory distress, conjunctivitis and mouth breathing were observed.
In the *infected neonatal piglets*, they seemed weak, anemic, and had edema around their throats and tarsal joints.
The *pregnant sow* had aborted her piglets and there were stillbirths and mummified fetuses
In the *older pig*, there was seemingly nothing wrong.
**What is your diagnosis? How do you confirm?**
*Porcine Herpesvirus 2 (Inclusion Body Rhinitis)*
Confirm by seeing **hypertrophy of mucous glands, and intranuclear inclusion bodies **on histology
(subfamily *Betaherpesvirinae*)
92
*Malignant Catarrhal Fever* is a disease used to describe 2 herpesviruses of subfamily *GAMMAherpesvirinae*.
What are these viruses?
***Alcephaline Herpesvirus 1***
***Ovine Herpesvirus 2***
93
***Wildebeest-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever***
is caused by which virus?
*AHV-1 (Alcephaline herpesvirus 1)*
94
*Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever *is caused by which virus?
*OvHV2 (Ovine Herpesvirus 2)*
95
What type of MCF (Malignant Catarrhal Fever) will you find in **AFRICA**?
*AHV1 (Alcephaline Herpesvirus 1) *
**associated with WILDEBEEST in close contact with cattle**
96
What type of MCF (*Malignant Catarrhal Fever*) is found everywhere **EXCEPT for Africa**?
*OvHV2 (Ovine Herpesvirus 2)*
**associated with SHEEP in close contact with cattle**
97
*AHV1 *is in a cell-free state in nasal and ocular secretions.
What other virus have we learned about that is in a cell free state?
Marek's Disease (Gallid herpesvirus 2)
is in a cell free state in the follicles of feathers
98
In regards to MCF viruses (AHV1 and OvHv2)
Infection is __________ in Wildebeest and Sheep
and
Cattle are __________ hosts
_INAPPARENT_ in wildebeest and sheep
Cattle are _DEAD-END_ hosts
99
There are 4 forms of Malignant Catarrhal Virus caused by AHV1 and OvHV2.
What are they?
Peracute Form MCF
Head and Eye Form MCF
Alimentary Form MCF
Mild Form MCF
100
There are 4 forms of Malignant Catarrhal Virus caused by AHV1 and OvHV2.
Which form can result in **sudden death** with no signs or
simply a *high fever and acute gastroenteritis?*
Peracute Form MCF
101
There are 4 forms of Malignant Catarrhal Virus caused by AHV1 and OvHV2.
The majority of cattle cases are the form that causes the following in its **early stages**
Reddened eyelids
Bilateral corneal opacity
Crusty muzzle and nares
Nasal Discharge
Salivation
**Head and Eye Form MCF**
102
There are 4 forms of Malignant Catarrhal Virus caused by AHV1 and OvHV2.
Which one causes the following symptoms?
*Erosions of tongue, hard palate, and buccal papillae*
**Head and Eye Form MCF**
103
There are 4 forms of Malignant Catarrhal Virus caused by AHV1 and OvHV2.
Which one causes the following signs?
* Swelling of joints and lymph nodes*
* Sloughing of horn and hoof coverings*
* CNS signs like incoordination, head pressing, and nystagmus*
**Head and Eye Form MCF**
104
There are 4 forms of Malignant Catarrhal Virus caused by AHV1 and OvHV2.
One of these forms is the
**Alimentary/Intestinal Form**
which causes _death from severe diarrhea_.
This form is ONLY caused by one *gammaherpesvirus.*
Which one is causes it?
**Sheep-Associated MCF ONLY**
**(Ovine Herpesvirus 2)**
105
**ZEBRA STRIPING**
is severe longitudinal linear congestion in the bovine colonic mucosa
This is pathognomonic for which viral disease?
**Malignant Catarrhal Fever (AHV1 or OvHV2)**
causes zebra striping
106
African Swine Fever is the sole member of this family of viruses
*Asfarviridae*
107
The only known **_DNA arbovirus_**** is**
*Asfarviridae (African Swine Fever)*
108
This virus is endemic in Sub Saharan Africa and the Island of Sardinia (Italy).
Its hosts include Pigs and the European Wild Boar.
Its Reservoir or Inapparent Hosts are Warthogs, Bushpigs, and Giant Forest Hogs.
*Asfarviridae (African Swine Fever)*
109
Describe the DNA of *Asfarviridae*
Linear DSDNA
Replication in cytoplasm
Enveloped
110
This virus does not hemagglutinate
and **Rosette Formation** is pathognomonic
*Asfarviridae (African Swine Fever)*
111
Soft ticks like *Ornithodorus sp. *and *O. moubata*
are vectors of transmission for this virus of pigs.
*Asfarviridae (African Swine Fever)*
112
In the ACUTE form of this viral disease, light skinned pigs develop cyanosis and respiratory distress like bloody, mucoid, foamy, nasal discharge.
Their eyes will be VERY red and have marked hyperemia of the distal limbs.
Diarrhea goes from mucoid to bloody and the pigs are seen huddling together.
*Asfarviridae (African Swine Fever)*
113
In the **chronic** form of this viral disease of swine,
pigs are emaciated and their growth is stunted. They have swollen joints, ulcers, and red, necrotic skin foci. Pneumonia may be present.
Fibrinous pericarditis and myocardial hemorrhage may be observed upon necropsy.
*Asfarviridae (African Swine Fever)*
114
An **enlarged friable spleen** known as
**BLACKBERRY JAM SPLEEN**
is pathognomonic for which viral disease?
*Asfarviridae (African Swine Fever)*
115
How do you definitively diagnose *Asfarviridae (African Swine Fever)*
and what are the next steps after a positive diagnosis?
Hemadsorption is a diagnostic characteristic of *Asfarviridae (African Swine Fever).*
Also pathognomonic is
**Rosette Formation**
**Blackberry Jam Spleen**
and its the only virus we have learned from the Island of Sardinia in Italy.
**YOU MUST REPORT THIS IMMEDIATELY**
