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Heteromodal Association Cortex Flashcards

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1
Q

True or False:

Heteromodal association cortex comines unimodal from multiple areas and motor

A

True

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2
Q

True or False:

All sensory and motor systems follow the pattern of both hierarchical and parallel processing

A

True

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3
Q

What is hierarchical processing

A

A functional pathway is formed by the serial/sequential connection of identifiable groups of neurons and each group processes more complex or specific information than the preceding group

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4
Q

What is parallelt processing

A

Sensory and motor information is processed in the brain in a variety of discrete pathways that are active simultaneously

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5
Q

What are the 3 heteromodal association areas

A
  1. Posterior association area
  2. Limbic association area
  3. Anterior association area
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6
Q

What does the literature refer to the posterior association area as

A

Posterior parietal cortex

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7
Q

Where is the posterior association area located

A

The junction of occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes (just behind the somatosensory cortex)

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8
Q

True or False:

The posterior association area links information from primary and unimodal sensory areas

A

True (makes sense it is heteromodal)

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9
Q

What does the posterior association area integrate somatic senses with (3)

A
  1. Visual information
  2. Auditory information
  3. Vestibular information
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10
Q

What does the posterior association area provide and interface between

A

Sensory cortex and frontal motor association areas

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11
Q

What does the expansion of the posterior association cortex correspond to development of (2)

A
  1. Stereopsis

2. Prehensile hand

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12
Q

What is stereopsis

A

Depth perception

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13
Q

What is prehensile hand

A

Hand that can grasp

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14
Q

True or False:

The posterior association area also has a central component in spatial attention network

A

True

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15
Q

What is the posterior association area important for (5)

A
  1. Development of stereopsis
  2. Development of prehensile hand
  3. Spatial attention
  4. Tracking and guiding movement in space
  5. Language
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16
Q

What does a large lesion of the posterior cortex produce (2)

A
  1. Disrupting accuracy of movement

2. Contralateral neglect

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17
Q

What does contralateral neglect most commonly occur with

A

Damage to the right hemisphere of the brain

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18
Q

What does damage to the right side of the hemsphere usually result in contralateral neglect

A

Because it is the non-dominant hemisphere

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19
Q

What does right hemisphere lesion cause

A

Severe left sided neglect

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20
Q

What does left hemisphere lesion cause

A

Minimal right sided neglect

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21
Q

What does bilateral lesion cause

A

Severe right sided neglect

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22
Q

True or False:

You may or may not be able to detect the right sided neglect that occurs with left hemisphere lesion

A

True

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23
Q

What are the unilateral parietal signs that can occur due to damage (4)

A
  1. Apraxia
  2. Optic apraxia
  3. Constructional apraxia
  4. Visual hemineglect
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24
Q

What is apraxia

A

The inability to conceptualize or mimic a movement even though the patient can make the necessary movements

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25
What is optic apraxia
Difficulty reaching to objects in space or finding them with saccades
26
What are saccades
Rapid movement of the eyes between fixation points
27
What is constructional apraxia
Deficit or inability to build, assemble, or copy objects despite ability and willingness to complete the task
28
What is visual hemineglect more prominent with
Right posterior parietal lesions
29
What is visual hemineglect
Neglecting half of the visual field
30
What are signs of apraxia (5)
1. Motor deficits 2. Sensory defects 3. Movement disorders 4. Certain cognitive disorders 5. Unwillingness to comply (abulia)
31
What is apraxia more common with
Damage to the dominant hemisphere
32
True or False: | Perception is an abstraction, not a replication, of reality
True
33
True or False: | We do not know how the brain binds everything together
True
34
True or False: The brain constructs an internal representation of external physical events after first analyzing various features of those events
True
35
True or False: When we hold an object in hand the shape, movement, and texture of the object are simultaneously but separately analyzed and the results are integrated in a conscious experience
True
36
True or False: | Damage to parietal lobe creates binding errors
True
37
Who was the biggest example of binding errors due to damage of the parietal lobe
RM
38
What happened to RM
He had suffered 2 sequential strokes in the occipital-parietal region of the right then left hemisphere producing nearly symmetrical lesions
39
As a result of RM's injury he showed all of the symptoms of what
Balint's syndrome
40
True or False: | With a person with balint's syndrome you should be more worried about the symptoms than the lesion
True
41
What were anatomically intact in RM's brain (6)
1. Calcarine sulcus 2. Both temporal lobes 3. Somatosensory cortices 4. Motor cortices 5. Both frontal lobes 6. Both supramarginal gyri of the temporal lobes
42
What is Balint's syndrome
Neuropsychological disorder that results from severe bilateral damage to dorsolateral parieto-occipital association cortex
43
What are the 3 main signs of the Balint's syndrome
1. Simultanagnosia 2. Oculomotor apraxia 3. Optic ataxia
44
True or False: | A person with Balint's syndrome is functionally blind except for the perception of a single object at a time
True
45
Does a person with Balint's syndrome know where the object they can see is located
Nope
46
True or False: Patients with Balint's syndrome do neglect both halves of the world but do not neglect any portion of objects that they perceive
True
47
What happens when you show a patient with Balint's syndrome a picture
They will report seeing one object of it
48
What happens when you take the picture away and show them the same picture
They will report seeing one object whether it was the same as the first time or different
49
If the object they see is different and you ask them what happened to the first object they say what do they say
The object disappeared
50
True or False: | Different parts of the brain mediate visual attention to different types of stimuli
True
51
What do faces activate in the brain
Ventral visual pathway
52
What does the position of the face activate in the brain
Dorsal visual pathway
53
What pathway tells you about the where the object is
Dorsal visual pathway
54
What pathway tells you about the what the object is
Ventral visual pathway
55
What does the ventral visual pathway analyze to determine what the object is (2)
1. Form (shape) | 2. Color
56
What does the dorsal visual pathway analyze to determine where the object is (2)
1. Motion | 2. Spatial relations
57
What does the dorsal visual pathway allow us to determine (3)
1. Size 2. Movement 3. Location of objects
58
True or False: | The dorsal visual pathway directs visual guidance of goal directed exploration to contralateral space
True
59
True or False: | The dorsal visual pathway does memory of where things are and memory of objects in space relative to one's own body
True
60
What is knowing where an object is in space relative to one's body
Egocentric
61
What does damage to the dorsal visual pathway cause
Impaired performance of purposeful actions (apraxia)
62
What does the ventral visual pathway do (2)
1. Object identification | 2. Object recognition
63
True or False: | Visual input to the ventral visual pathway is mainly foveal or parafoveal
True
64
What frame of reference does ventral visual pathway have
Allocentric
65
What is allocentric
Object centered frame of reference
66
True or False: | The ventral visual pathway is more effortful than the dorsal visual pathway
True
67
What is spatial information stored into long term memory by
Hippocampal formation
68
True or False: | Once the information is in LTM the job of the hippocampus is done
True
69
True or False: | The hippocampus is an extension of the ventral stream
True
70
What does the hippocampus do
Brings multimodal, highly processed information together and consolidates it into memory
71
True or False: | The hippocampus receives both egocentric and allocentric information
True
72
What are the areas that make up the limbic association area (5)
1. Ventromedial prefrontal and orbital frontal cortex 2. Cingulate gyrus 3. Hippocampus 4. Parahippocampal gyrus 5. Amygdala
73
True or False: The limbic association area receives info from virtually every association area and therefore can associate all the stimuli of an event
True
74
What does the limbic association area add to the input
Emotional content
75
What does the emotional content contribute to
Memory formation
76
What is capgras syndrone (Think of George)
When you suffer some cerebral event and you no longer and can no longer recognize someone by sight due to a lack of emotional part of conscious experience
77
Who is HM
Henry Molaison who had a seizure disorder and to fix it the doctor removed bilateral amygdala, hippocampus, and part of the temporal lobe
78
What happened to HM after the surgery
His seizures decreased significantly but he was no longer able to form new memories
79
Did HM lose episodic or semantic memory
Episodic memory
80
What are the disorders of association cortex (2)
1. Agnosia | 2. Aphasia
81
What is agnosia
Inability to process sensory information and thus recognize it
82
What are the senses that can be affected by agnosia (3)
1. Tactile 2. Visual 3. Auditory
83
What is a type of visual agnosia
Alexia
84
What is alexia
An acquired inability to read
85
What are the types of aphasia (4)
1. Wernicke's (receptive) 2. Broca's (expressive) 3. Conduction 4. Global
86
What is conduction aphasia
Understand speech and can produce it but can't repeat speech
87
What is damaged in conductive aphasia
Arcuate fasciculus
88
What is the arcuate fasciculus
Fiber bundle that communicates between broca's and wernicke's areas
89
What is global aphasia
Problems with writing, vocalizing, and understanding speech that is written or spoken
90
What is prosopagnosia
The inability to recognize faces
91
What is anosognosia
Denying there is some deficit in the limb (they actually can't due a task but won't admit it)
92
Agnosia is often associated with damage to what
The ventral processing stream
93
Which aphasia has the best chance to recover function
Broca's aphasia

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