Cranial Nerve IX and X

Question 1

True or False:

You very rarely get damage to just CN IX or X due to their close proximity

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Where do the lower 4 cranial nerves arise

Answer 2

From the medulla

Question 3

What are the lower 4 cranial nerves involved in (2)

Answer 3

1. Pharyngeal and laryngeal function

2. Movements of the neck and tongue

Question 4

What does damage to some of the lower 4 cranial nerves usually manifest as

Answer 4

Problems with speech and swallowing

Question 5

How do the lower 4 cranial nerves typically get damaged

Answer 5

Damage to the medulla via a mass lesion

Question 6

What 2 things cause anoxia to the brain

Answer 6

1. Heart attack

2. Drowning

Question 7

What does the corticospinal tract control

Answer 7

Voluntary movements of the torso and UE/LE

Question 8

What does the corticobulbar tract control

Answer 8

Voluntary movements of the head and neck

Question 9

Where does the corticobulbar tract travel in the internal capsule

Answer 9

Genu

Question 10

Where does the corticobulbar tract arise

Answer 10

The lateral aspects of the primary cortices

Question 11

True or False:

The corticobulbar tract contains UMN of non-oculomotor cranial nerves

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Where does the corticobulbar tract terminate

Answer 12

Cranial nerves (LMNs)

Question 13

True or False:
Some of the contacts of the corticobulbar tracts on the cranial nerves are direct and some are indirect through interneurons of the reticular formation

Answer 13

True

Question 14

True or False:

Most corticobulbar innervation of cranial nerves is bilateral

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What is the exception to corticobulbar innervation of cranial nerves being bilateral

Answer 15

Cranial nerve XII and below the eyes innervation of CN VII

Question 16

True or False:

A LMN is anywhere a cortical neuron synapses

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What happens when there is unilateral lesion of the cortex that serve the cranial motor nerves

Answer 17

Paralysis of the muscles of the face and head does not occur it causes mild forms of weakness in the affected muscles

Question 18

Where are the cell bodies located for an UMN and LMN

Answer 18

UMN: In a CNS processing center/motor cortex or nucleus in brainstem
LMN: Nucleus of the spinal cord or brainstem

Question 19

What are the only LMN axons that extend outside of the CNS

Answer 19

Ventral column

Question 20

True or False:

Both CN IX and X have superior and inferior ganglia

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve emerge

Answer 21

From the upper ventrolateral medulla

Question 22

Where do the fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve leave or enter the skull

Answer 22

The central part of the jugular foramen

Question 23

Where are the superior and inferior ganglia of CN IX lie

Answer 23

In the jugular foramen

Question 24

What does CN IX share most of it’s nuclei with (3)

Answer 24

CN V, VII, X

Question 25

What are the motor nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (2)

Answer 25

1. Nucleus ambiguus | 2. Inferior salivatory nucleus

Question 26

What does the nucleus ambiguus innervate for CN IX

Answer 26

Stylopharyngeus muscle

Question 27

What does the inferior salivatory nucleus innervate for CN IX

Answer 27

Parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland

Question 28

What are the sensory nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (3)

Answer 28

1. Trigeminal nuclei 2. Rostral nucleus solitarius 3. Caudal nucleus solitarius

Question 29

What does the trigeminal nuclei innervate for CN IX (3)

Answer 29

1. Somatic sensation from the middle ear 2. Pharynx 3. Posterior 1/3 of tongue

Question 30

What does the rostral nucleus solitarius innervate for CN IX

Answer 30

Gustation posterior 1/3 of tongue

Question 31

What does the caudal nucleus solitarius innervate for CN IX

Answer 31

Chemo and baroreceptors of the carotid body

Question 32

What is the only nucleus innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 32

Inferior salivatory nucleus

Question 33

What are the peripheral ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve (3)

Answer 33

1. Otic ganglion 2. Superior glossopharyngeal ganglion 3. Inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion

Question 34

True or False: | Taste and touch sensation at the back of the throat can trigger the gag reflex

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What are the 2 other names for the gag reflex

Answer 35

1. Pharyngeal reflex | 2. Laryngeal spasm

Question 36

What is the gag reflex

Answer 36

Contraction of the back of the throat triggered by stimulation by flavor or object touching the roof of the mouth, back of tongue, area around tonsils, or back of throat

Question 37

What cranial nerve triggers the contraction for the gag reflex

Answer 37

Cranial nerve X

Question 38

What cranial nerve senses the stimuli leading to the contraction

Answer 38

Cranial nerve IX

Question 39

What does the gag reflex do

Answer 39

Prevents something from entering the throat except as part of normal swallowing

Question 40

When does the gag reflex start to diminish

Answer 40

6-7 months of age

Question 41

What does the gag reflex starting to diminish at 6-7 months mean

Answer 41

Basis for saying start feeding the baby solid food at this time frame

Question 42

What can lesion to the glossopharyngeal nerve cause (7)

Answer 42

1. Difficulty swallowing 2. Impairment of taste over posterior 1/3 of tongue, palate, and pharynx 3. Impaired sensation over the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, palate, and pharynx 4. Absent gag reflex 5. Dysfunction of the parotid gland 6. Loss of sensation in external auditory meatus 7. Possible tachycardia or bradycardia

Question 43

True or False: | The vagus nerve is almost all sensory (parasympathetic of body)

Answer 43

True

Question 44

True or False: | The vagus nerve has the longest course of all the cranial nerves

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Where does the vagus nerve extend to and from

Answer 45

The head to the abdomen

Question 46

What does the latin of vagary mean

Answer 46

Wandering

Question 47

In the head and neck what is the vagus mainly responsible for (4)

Answer 47

1. Ability to swallow 2. Gag reflex 3. Some taste 4. Part of phonation

Question 48

What is phonation

Answer 48

Production of speech sounds

Question 49

What percent of the nerve fiber in the vagus nerve are dedicated to communication sensory info about the stat of your viscera up to your brain

Answer 49

80-90%

Question 50

Where do the fibers of the vagus nerve enter or leave the skull

Answer 50

The central portion of the jugular foramen

Question 51

Below the inferior ganglion what is the vagus nerve joined by

Answer 51

The cranial part of the accessory nerve (CN XI)

Question 52

True or False: | The vagus nerve is functionally diverse and pathology of the vagus nerve is implicated in many clinical cases

Answer 52

True

Question 53

What are the 2 motor nuclei of the vagus nerve

Answer 53

1. Nucleus ambiguus | 2. Dorsal motor nucleus of CN X

Question 54

What does the nucleus ambiguus innervate for the vagus nerve (2)

Answer 54

1. Laryngeal muscles | 2. Pharyngeal muscles

Question 55

What pharyngeal/laryngeal muscle does the vagus nerve not innervate

Answer 55

Stylopharyngeus

Question 56

What does the dorsal motor nucleus innervate for the vagus nerve

Answer 56

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart, bronchi, and digestive tract

Question 57

How far down the digestive tract does the vagus nerve innervate

Answer 57

To the splenic flexure

Question 58

What are the 3 sensory nuclei of the vagus nerve

Answer 58

1. Trigeminal nucleus 2. Rostral nucleus solitarius 3. Caudal nucleus solitarius

Question 59

What does the trigeminal nucleus innervate for the vagus nerve

Answer 59

Somatic sensation from the pharynx, meninges, and small region of external auditory meatus

Question 60

What does the rostral nucleus solitarius innervate for the vagus nerve

Answer 60

Taste of the epiglottis and pharynx

Question 61

What does the dorsal nucleus solitarius innervate for the vagus nerve

Answer 61

Chemo and baroreceptors of the aortic arch

Question 62

What is the only nucleus of the vagus nerve only

Answer 62

Dorsal motor nucleus

Question 63

What are the 3 peripheral ganglia of the vagus nerve

Answer 63

1. Parasympathetic ganglia in end organs 2. Superior vagal ganglion 3. Inferior vagal ganglion

Question 64

What does vagus nerve lesions lead to paralysis of (3)

Answer 64

1. Palate 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx

Question 65

What does the paralysis of the palate, pharynx, and larynx lead to (5)

Answer 65

1. Hoarseness 2. Loss of gag reflex 3. Loss of effective cough 4. Swallowing problems (dysphagia) 5. Choking

Question 66

What autonomic dysfunctions occur due to vagus nerve lesions (6)

Answer 66

1. Failure of soft palate elevation 2. Deviation of uvula away from side of the lesion 3. Abnormalities of esophageal motility 4. Abnormalities of gastric acid secretion 5. Abnormalities of gallbladder emptying 6. Abnormalities of heart rate

Question 67

What does damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve cause if bilaterally damaged (3)

Answer 67

1. Airway obstruction 2. Aphonia (loss of voice) 3. Stridor (inspiratory wheeze

Question 68

What does damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve cause if unilaterally damaged (1)

Answer 68

Dysphonia (difficulty speaking)