Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro 2 > Neuroembryology: Nervous System Development > Flashcards

Neuroembryology: Nervous System Development Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the main components of neural development (5)

A
  1. Birth and differentiation of the neurons
  2. Migration of neurons from birthplace to final destination
  3. Outgrowth of axons from the neurons and the formation of synapses with post synaptic neighbors
  4. Pruning of neurons related to experience
  5. Changes in synapses related to learning and memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the first system that can be delineated in embryo

A

The nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 embryonic germ layers

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the ectoderm end up forming (7)

A
  1. Nervous system
  2. Epidermis of skin and it’s derivatives (sweat, hair, receptors)
  3. Cornea and lens
  4. Adrenal medulla
  5. Epithelium of pineal and posterior pituitary
  6. Tooth enamel
  7. Epithelial lining of mouth and anus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the mesoderm end up forming (11)

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Skeletal system
  3. Muscular system
  4. Muscular layer of stomach and intestine
  5. Excretory system
  6. Circulatory and lymphatics
  7. Reproductive
  8. Dermis of skin
  9. Lining of body cavity
  10. Adrenal cortex
  11. Kidneys and heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the endoderm end up forming (6)

A
  1. Epithelial lining of digestive tract and respiratory system
  2. Lining or urethra, urinary bladder, and reproductive system
  3. Liver
  4. Pancreas
  5. Thymus
  6. Thyroid and parathyroid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the notochord do

A

Secretes chemicals that prevent the nervous system from developing until the time is right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the notochord do when the time is right to start neural development

A

Secretes the protein sonic hedgehog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does sonic hedgehog do

A

Inhibits the inhibitor preventing neural development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When does sonic hedgehog show up after

A

2-3 weeks after conception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

At what stage does the formation of the vertebrate nervous system take place

A

Gastrula stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to the dorsal ectoderm

A

Thickens bilaterally becoming committed to the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the thicken of the dorsal ectoderm called

A

The neural plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does neural epithelium cover

A

The notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 stages of development that the neuroectoderm undergoes

A
  1. It transforms into the neural plate
  2. It invaginates to form the neural groove
  3. The folds of the groove eventually fuse to form the neural tube
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What ultimately forms the nervous system

A

The neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many sections does the rostral portion of the neural tube form

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What forms the PNS

A

The neural crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When does the neuroectoderm begin to fold

A

18 days after conception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When does the neuroectoderm begin to close into a tube in the cervical area

A

Around day 20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which way does the neuroectoderm zip up and what day

A

Rostral to caudal at day 28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the neural crest form (6)

A
  1. Spinal dorsal root ganglia
  2. Ganglia of the ANS
  3. Cranial nerves
  4. Meninges
  5. Schwann cells
  6. Pigment cells in the skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the neural tube form (4)

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord and motor neurons
  3. Retina
  4. Posterior pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do somites develop into

A

Sympathetic chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How does neural development occur
Based on experiences
26
What are the 3 primary vesicles
1. Proencephalon 2. Mesencephalon 3. Rhombencephalon
27
What is a flexure
A curve that occurs because not all of the cells are dividing at the same rate
28
Where does the most proliferation or nerve cell precursors occur in the neural tube
Inner to outer surface
29
Which end of the neural tube does the brain emerge from
The rostral end
30
Where does the forebrain sit during development
On top of the heart
31
What are the 2 flexures that develop in the central nervous system in embryo
Cephalic and cervical flexures
32
What does the proencephalon form
Telecephalon and diencephalon
33
What makes up the telecephalon (4)
1. Cerebral cortex 2. Subcortical white matter 3. Basal ganglia 4. Basal forebrain nuclei
34
What makes up the diencephalon (3)
1. Epithalamus 2. Thalamus 3. Hypothalamus
35
What is the proencephalon also called
The forebrain
36
What is the mesencephalon also called
The midbrain
37
What makes up the mesencephalon (3)
1. Cerebral peduncles 2. Midbrain tectum 3. Midbrain tegmentum
38
What is the rhombencephalon also called
The hindbrain
39
What makes up the rhombencephalon (2)
1. Metencephalon | 2. Myelencephalon
40
What does the metencephalon form (2)
1. Pons | 2. Cerebellum
41
What does the myelencephalon form (1)
Medulla
42
What is another name for the pontomedullary junction
Bulbopontene junction
43
What is it called when the brain and spinal cord are completely open
Craniorachischisis
44
What is it called when the brain is open and there is the lack of a skull
Anencephaly
45
What is it called when there is herniation of the meninges and potentially the brain
Encephalocele
46
What is it called when the occipital skull and spine defects with extreme retroflexion of the head
Inencephaly (head permanently extended)
47
What is a closed asymptomatic neural tube defect in which some of the vertebrae are not completely closed
Spina bifida occulta
48
What is a deficiency of at least two vertebral arches covered by lipoma
Closed spinal dysraphism
49
What is protrusion of the meninges filled with CSF through a defect in the spine
Meningocele
50
What is an open spinal cord with a meningeal cyst
Myelomeningocele
51
How do you prevent skull and vertebral arches from not forming
Taking folic acid
52
What separates the developing gray matter of the mantle layer on lateral walls of the neural tube into basal and alar plates
Sulcus limitans
53
How far to the alar and basal plates extend
The length of the spinal cord
54
What is the cerebellum a greatly expanded outgrowth of
The alar plate of the mesencephalon
55
Where does the alar plate extend
Only through the mesencephalon
56
What do cells within the alar plate develop into
Afferent and interneurons
57
Are afferent fibers sensory or motor
Sensory
58
What are the 3 types of afferent fibers developed by the alar plate
1. General sensory afferents 2. Special sensory afferents 3. Visceral sensory afferents
59
What do cells in the basal plate develop into
Efferent neurons
60
Are efferent neurons sensory or motor
Motor
61
What are the 3 types of efferent fibers developed by the basal plate
1. General motor efferents 2. Special motor efferents 3. Visceral motor efferents
62
What forms the cranial nerve nuclei
The basal and alar plates
63
Where does the alar plate lie in relation to the basal plate after thinning of the mesencephalic roof
Dorsolateral
64
In the spinal cord where is the alar plate located
More dorsal
65
What does the alar plate yield in the spinal cord
Gray neurons for sensory processing
66
In the spinal cord where is the basal plate located
Ventral
67
What does the basal plate form in the spinal cord
Motor area of the cord
68
Why do we have the cauda equina
The vertebrae continue to grow after the spinal cord stops growing making the spinal column longer than the spinal cord
69
What causes folding of the tissue in the brain
Rapid proliferation

Neuro 2 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions