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Cranial Nerve II Flashcards

(132 cards)

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1
Q

What is the believed function of CN 0

A

Unconscious smell of pheromones

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2
Q

Optic nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Cerebrum (diechephalon)
Type: Sensory
Function: Vision

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3
Q

Oculomotor nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Midbrain
Type: Motor
Function: Eye muscles, lids, pupil contractions, lens shape

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4
Q

Trochlear nerve attach, type and function

A

Attach: Midbrain
Type: Motor
Function: Eye muscle (downward and inward)

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5
Q

Trigeminal nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Pons
Type: Both
Function: Face sensation and chewing

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6
Q

Abducens nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Pons
Type: Motor
Function: Eye muscles

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7
Q

Facial nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Pons
Type: Both
Function: Facial expressions, lip articulation, gustation (anterior tongue), and secretion of saliva and tears

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8
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Pons
Type: Sensory
Function: Hearing and equilibrium

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9
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Medulla
Type: Both
Function: Taste (posterior tongue), muscles at tongue base (gag reflex and swallowing), and phonation of pharynx

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10
Q

Vagus nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Medulla
Type: Both
Function: Swallow, speak, parasympathetic visceral muscle movement, sensory info from the larynx, esophagus, trachea, and abdominal and thoracic viscera

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11
Q

True or False:

Color is an illusion created by the brain

A

True

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12
Q

True or False:

Cranial nerve II is the most accurate/veridical of the cranial nerves but isn’t perfect

A

True

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13
Q

True or False:

Vision is the only sensory system that provides accurate spatial info from a distance

A

True

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14
Q

What is the range of wavelengths our eye can perceive

A

390-740 nm

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15
Q

As you go right on the wavelength meter what happens to wavelength and frequency

A

Wavelength increases and frequency decreases

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16
Q

How fast does light move

A

300,000 km/s

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17
Q

True or False:

Light tends to travel in a straight line

A

True

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18
Q

What does light traveling in a straight line maintain

A

Spatial info

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19
Q

What is it called when you change the medium that light travels through changing it’s direction

A

Refraction

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20
Q

What is the process by which a beam of light spreading out as a result of passing through a narrow aperture or edge

A

Diffraction

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21
Q

True or False:

Light is a particle and a wave

A

True

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22
Q

A long wavelength has what frequency and energy

A

Low frequency and energy

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23
Q

A short wavelength has what frequency and energy

A

High frequency and energy

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24
Q

What does wavelength correlate to perceptually

A

Hue/color

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25
What does amplitude correlate to perceptually
Brightness
26
What does purity correlate to perceptually
Saturation
27
What is the most important perceptual cue
Color
28
White light contains what
Every wavelength
29
The human eye has how many layers and chambers
3 layers | 2 chambers
30
What is the outer layer of the eye
Sclera and cornea
31
What is middle layer of the eye
Choroid, iris, and ciliary body
32
What is the inner layer of the eye
Retina
33
What is in the anterior chamber
Aqueous humor
34
What is in the posterior chamber
Vitreous humor
35
What is the vascular layer of the eye
Choroid
36
What is the major refracting medium of the eye
Cornea
37
True or False: | The retina is organized so that it is able to work under low and high light conditions
True
38
Is the retina mostly rods or cones
Rods
39
What side of the retina does the the right side of the world project on
The left hemiretina
40
What are the 3 colors the cones can perceive
Red, blue, and green
41
What color can the rods see
Black only
42
What bend light when it comes into the eye
Cornea and lens
43
What is the blind spot due to
Lack of photoreceptors on the optic disc
44
What is the process in which light is converted into electrical stimuli by rods and cones
Transduction
45
True or False: | Primates have inverted retinae
True
46
What is the deepest layer of the retina
The photoreceptors
47
What are the 5 cell types of the retina in order from superficial to deep
1. Ganglion cells 2. Bipolar cells 3. Amacrine cells 4. Horizontal cells 5. Photoreceptors
48
What are closer to/synapse with the rods and cones the amacrine cells or the horizontal cells
Horizontal cells
49
What are closer to/synapse with the ganglion cells the amacrine cells or horizontal cells
Amacrine cells
50
What is at the optic disc
Axons to the brain and blood supply to the eye
51
What is the fovea
The location on the retina where there is the highest concentration of cones and no rods
52
Where on the retina does the clearest part of our world fall
Fovea
53
True or False: | What you focus on will be on the fovea
True
54
What is the function of the horizontal and amacrine cells
Modulate the output by mostly inhibiting the cells
55
True or False: | All special sense organs have bipolar cells
True
56
What is an on center ganglion cell
Light onto the center of the cell will excite the cell but light not on the center will cause inhibition
57
What is an off center ganglion cell
Light onto the center of the cell will inhibit the cell but light not on the center will cause excitation
58
What does central surrounding antagonism help with
Determine edges and features
59
How many rods are in the eyes
125 million
60
True or False: | Rods respond fairly consistently to all wavelengths of light
True
61
True or False: | Rods are achromatic
True
62
What does achromatic mean
Can't discriminate wavelenghts
63
How many photopigments do rods have
1
64
What is the name of the photopigment of the rod
Rhodopsin
65
What is the maximum sensitivity of rods
500 nm
66
How many cones do we have
7 million
67
True or False: | Cones respond preferentially to specific wavelengths
True
68
How many photopigments do the cones have
3
69
What is the name of the photopigments of cones
iodopsins
70
True or False: | Each cone is maximally sensitive to a different portion of the spectrum
True
71
What color corresponds to short, medium, and long wavelengths
Short: blue/violet 420 nm Medium: Green 530 nm Long: Red 650 nm
72
How did cones originally form
They were mutations of rods
73
Where are red cones the most common
In the periphery
74
What is the maximum wavelength considered
The color the cone responds to
75
Do rods enable vision in conditions of low or high light
Low light (night vision)
76
What does loss of rods produce
Night blindness
77
True or False: | Rods are relatively light sensitive
True
78
True or False: | Rods contain more photopigments than cones
True
79
Do rods require more or less photons than cones do to elicit maximal response
Less
80
True or False: | Cones are responsible for day vision
True
81
True or False: | Cones are relatively light sensitive
True
82
Do cones contain more or less photopigment than rods
Less
83
How many photons are required to elicit a response from a cone
100s
84
Do rods provide clear images and why
No because they are looking at so much of the visual field
85
How many ganglion cell axons are there that exit the retina and go to the brain
1 million
86
Do rods converge or not
Converge
87
Do cones converge or not
Don't converge
88
Do cones provide clear images and why
Yes, because the only gather light of a small part of the visual field
89
Do rods have a high degree of convergence or low
High
90
What does the high degree of convergence in the rods allow for
See well under conditions of low light
91
What does high convergence do to spatial resolution
Inhibits it so image is fuzzy
92
True or False: | There are no rods in the fovea
True
93
Do cones have a high degree of convergence or low
Low
94
What is the ratio of cones to ganglion cells at the fovea
1:1
95
What does low convergence do to spatial resolution
Excellent spatial resolution so very clear image
96
Is there convergence of the cones onto ganglion cells in the fovea
Nope
97
Is the distribution of rods and cones the same on the retina
Nope
98
True or False: | As you get closer to the fovea there are more rods but not rods in the fovea
True
99
Do rods and cones have action potentials or graded potentials
Graded potentials
100
Do rods and cones have axons
No, this is why they cannot fire action potentials
101
Where does the first action potential occur in the retina
The ganglion cells
102
What is the role of the hypothalamus
It is in charge of how to correct imbalances on the outside
103
Where do ganglion cell axons project to (4)
1. Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus 2. Superior colliculi 3. Some brainstem nuclei 4. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
104
What are in charge of the perceptual aspects of vision
Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
105
What are in charge of the non-perceptual aspects of vision (3)
1. Superior colliculi 2. Some brainstem nuclei 3. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
106
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus' role
Circadian rhythm
107
Are parasol cells poly or monochromatic
Monochromatic
108
Do parasol cells have large or small cell bodies and receptive fields
Large
109
What do parasol cells process
Movement and gross features of a stimulus
110
What do the parasol cells project via and to
Via large diameter fibers to the magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus
111
Do midget cells have large or small cell bodies and receptive fields
Small
112
Are there a lot or a little midget cells
Numerous
113
What do midget cells do
Process fine detail and color
114
What do the midget cells project via and to
Small diameter fibers to parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus
115
How does the image come in on the retina
Upside down and backwards
116
What happens at the optic chiasm
Info from the eyes divides
117
Where is the right visual field represented on the retina
The left hemiretina of each eye
118
What fibers cross at the optic chiasm
Medial fibers
119
Where is information from the right visual field sent for processing
The left visual cortex
120
What do the 2 visual cortices share info with each other via
Splenium of the corpus callosum
121
What layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus are parvocellular layers
Top 4
122
What layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus are magnocellular layers
Bottom 2
123
What do the parvocellular layers receive input from
Retinal ganglion midget cells
124
What do the parvocellular layers send output to
Primary visual cortex (4Cb)
125
What do the magnocellular layers receive input from
Retinal ganglion parasol cells
126
What do the magnocellular layers send output to
Primary visual cortex (4Ca)
127
Where in the internal capsule do the optic radiations travel to get to the visual cortex
Posterior limb
128
Where do radiations from the lateral geniculate nucleus travel (2)
1. Up and over ventricles through the parietal lobe | 2. Up and over ventricles through the temporal lobe
129
What radiations/pathways go to the temporal lobe
Detail orientation so parvocellular pathways
130
What radiations/pathways go to the parietal lobe
Spatial orientation so magnocellular pathways
131
What does damage to the temporal lobe radiations cause
Trouble with what they are looking at
132
What does damage to the parietal lobe radiations cause
Trouble with where they are looking

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