HFAS MODULE 1 PART 1

Question 1

“The state in which risks associated with aviation
activities, related to, or in direct support of the operation
of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable
level through a continuing process of hazard
identification and risk management.”

Answer 1

Safety

Question 2

the identification, analysis and elimination (and/or mitigation to an acceptable or tolerable level) of those
hazards, as well as the subsequent risks, that threaten the viability of an organization.

Answer 2

Risk Management

Question 3

the possibility of absolute/total control is a __________ about safety aviation.

Answer 3

misconception

Question 4

the elimination of accidents and serious incidents is ____________

Answer 4

unachievable

Question 5

when did aviation became one of the safest industries

Answer 5

1950’s

Question 6

the annual risk of being in a plane crash for the average american is about ______________

Answer 6

1 in 11 million

Question 7

for decades, flying was considered to be the ________

Answer 7

safest mode of transportation

Question 8

__________ is more than merely the responsibility of
aviation service providers.

Answer 8

Aviation safety

Question 8

who is responsible for aviation safety?

Answer 8

Governmental organizations providing oversight (civil aviation authorities);

ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization);

Aircraft and parts manufacturers;

Employees;

Maintenance organizations;

Fuel providers;

Customers; and

Related service providers.

Question 8

maintaining a safe environment in the industry is
a ___________ of the entire air transport community.

Answer 8

collaborative effort

Question 9

There is no aviation organization that has been created to deliver only safety.

There is a need to balance _________

Answer 9

Productivity and Protection

Question 10

_________ continues to be an evolving process that
always strives for continuous improvement.

Answer 10

Aviation safety

Question 11

The history of the progress in aviation safety can be divided into three eras, what are those?

Answer 11

Technical Era
Human Factors
Organizational

Question 12

Time of Technical Era

Answer 12

1900s until the late 1960s

Question 13

Aviation emerged as a form of mass transportation in
which identified safety deficiencies were initially related
to __________

Answer 13

technical factors and technological failures

Question 14

By the 1950s, ____________ led to a
gradual decline in the frequency of accidents, and safety
processes were broadened to encompass regulatory compliance and oversight.

Answer 14

technological advancements

Question 15

Time of Human Factors Era

Answer 15

1970s - mid 1990s

Question 16

Aviation became a safer mode of transportation, and the focus of
safety endeavors was extended to include ___________, including the man/machine interface.

Answer 16

human factors issues

Question 17

It was not until the early ______ that it was first acknowledged that individuals operate in a complex environment, which includes multiple factors that can affect
behavior.

Answer 17

1990s

Question 18

Time of Organizational Era

Answer 18

mid 1990s - present

Question 19

During the ______________, safety began to be viewed from a systemic perspective, encompassing organizational
factors and human and technical factors.

Answer 19

organizational era

Question 20

What is the Safest Airline in the world

Answer 20

Qantas

Question 21

Any person suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage or the aircraft is missing or completely inaccessible

Answer 21

Aircraft Accident

Question 22

several ways to classify an accident

Answer 22

level of damage incurred, by the extent of injuries caused, or by the cost of the damage to the aircraft.

Question 23

means damage or failure which adversely affects the
structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics
of the aircraft, and which would normally require major
repair or
replacement of the affected component.

Answer 23

Substantial Damage

Question 24

The aircraft is not repairable, or, if repairable, the cost of
repairs exceeds 50% of the cost of the aircraft when it was
new

Answer 24

Destroyed Damage

Question 25

Damage that neither destroys the aircraft nor causes substantial damage.

Answer 25

Minor Damage

Question 26

A __________ is an injury resulting in death within thirty days of the date of the accident.

Answer 26

fatal injury

Question 27

An injury that requires less than 2 days of hospitalization up to 7 days after the accident.

Answer 27

Minor Injury

Question 28

refers to the occurrence, other than an accident, which is
associated with the operation of an aircraft when the safety of
the aircraft has been endangered, or is a situation which
could endanger an aircraft and if it occurred again in other
circumstances.

Answer 28

Aircraft Incident

Question 29

The difference between an accident and a serious incident lies only in the _________

Answer 29

result

Question 30

a short, sudden and unexpected event or occurrence that
results in an unwanted and undesirable outcome … and
must directly or indirectly be the result of human activity
rather than a natural event’.

Answer 30

Accident

Question 31

Three categories of accident causation models

Answer 31

Simple Linear
Complex Linear
Complex Non-Linear

Question 32

accidents are a culmination of a series of events or circumstances. There is a sequential interaction of events –
one leads to the next one. Hence the belief that if the sequence is broken by removing one of the events, the
disaster will be avoided

Answer 32

Simple Linear

Question 33

Presumes that accidents result from a combination of latent hazards and unsafe acts that continue to happen
sequentially. The model considers a variety of factors, including environmental as well as organizational effects.

Answer 33

Complex Linear

Question 34

accidents are the results of a combination of mutually interacting variables
occurring in real-world environments. Understanding these interactions through
careful analysis is the only way to understand and prevent accidents—a
systemic model that focuses on the system’s interactions and functions rather
than just individual events. Accidents are regarded as emergent rather than
resultant phenomena (i.e., are not predictable).

Answer 34

Complex Non-Linear

Question 35

States that accidents result from a chain of sequential events, metaphorically like a line of dominoes falling over

Answer 35

Heinrich’s Domino Theory

Question 36

What are the dominoes in heinrich’s theory and labelled with accident causes

Answer 36

Social Environment and Ancestry
Fault of Person
Unsafe Act or Mechanical or Physical Hazard
Accident
Injury

Question 37

Undesirable personality traits, such as stubbornness, greed, and recklessness

Deals with worker’s personality

Answer 37

Social Environment and Ancestry

Question 38

Deals with worker personality traits

e.g bad temper, inconsiderateness, ignorance and recklessness

Answer 38

Fault of Person

Question 39

Deals with Heinrich’s direct cause of incidents

Answer 39

Unsafe Act and/or Unsafe Condition

Question 40

a famous accident causation model by Professor James Reason

Answer 40

Swiss Cheese Model

Question 41

Reason hypothesizes that most accidents can be traced to one or more of four
levels of failure:

Answer 41

1. Organizational influences,
2. Unsafe supervision,
3. Preconditions for unsafe acts, and
4. The unsafe acts themselves.

Question 42

The model that identifies the existence of both active and latent conditions in an organization

Answer 42

Swiss Cheese Model

Question 43

is an error or violation with an immediate adverse effect and is
usually made by a front-line operator

Answer 43

Active Failures

Question 44

is a result of a decision or an action made well before an
accident, the consequences of which may lie dormant for a long time.

Answer 44

Latent Conditions

Question 45

No Classroom Training on Loading on
Aircraft

Answer 45

Organizational Influences

Question 46

Improper Loading, Decision errors & lack of supervision

Answer 46

Unsafe Supervision

Question 47

The crew set the wrong setting in
anticipation of forward of center of gravity which lead to failure

Answer 47

Preconditions

Question 48

The flight crew did not correct for
the excessive pitch immediately with the use of elevator and forward trim

Answer 48

Unsafe Act

Question 49

a conceptual tool used to analyze the interaction of multiple
system components.

Answer 49

Shell Model

Question 50

Shell model Components

Answer 50

Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware