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MSK-Exam > Histo- > Flashcards

Histo- Flashcards

(55 cards)

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0
Q

Two types of growth?

A

Appositional growth- outwards (endosteal layer chases periosteal layer)
Interstitial growth- internal expansion (new cytes)

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1
Q

Perichondrium contains what collage type?

A

Collagen I

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2
Q

Hyalin cartilage type?

A

Type II

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3
Q

Where is hyalin cartilage found?

A 
Articular surface
epiphysal plate
fetal bone models
nose
larynx
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4
Q

What types of cartilage have perichondrium?

A

Hyalin (but not articular surface)

Elastic

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5
Q

Cartilage types?

A

Hyalin
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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6
Q

Is hyalin basophilic or acidophilic? what causes?

A

Basophilic (purple)

high in GAG

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7
Q

Changes in articular cartilage with age?

A

more keratin sulfate
chondroitin 4–> chondroitin 6
(dermatan sulfate is another commmon type)

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8
Q

How is elastic cartilage different from hyalin?

A

elastic fibers, more chondrocytes

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9
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Auricle, auditory canal, audiitory tube, epiglottis

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10
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, major tendons/ligaments, meniscis
Repair tissue

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11
Q

Fibrocartilage- acidophilic or basophilic?

A

acidophilic

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12
Q

describe histo of fibrocartilage

A

chondrocytes in row, collagen fibers separating

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13
Q

Meniscus functions (5)

A
  1. load bearing
  2. shock aborber
  3. joint stability
  4. proprioception
  5. lubrication
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14
Q

IV disc functions

A
  1. stabilize spine
  2. alignment
  3. energy absorb
  4. distribute load
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15
Q

IV disc aging changes

A

Anulos fibrosis becomes stiffer (fibrocartilage degenerates)

Nucleus pulposis- (nnot fibrocartilage) becomes denser and stiffer (less water and cells)

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16
Q

Anisotrophic ligaments

A

strong in tension, weak in compression

contrast to crimp ligaments

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17
Q

Epitenon and paratenon

A

surround fascicles to form tendons

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18
Q

Two types of tendon

A

straight (achilles)- enclosed by paratenon (no sheath)

Bends (pulley)- epitenon makes synovial fluid

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19
Q

Bone types (shapes)

A

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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20
Q

Sharpey’s fiber?

A

connects periosteum and bone

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21
Q

Bone types (histo)

A

compact/cortical

spongy/cancellous/trabecular

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22
Q

Which bone type is short lived?

Study These Flashcards
A

osteoclast (few days)

23
Q

Alkaline phosphatase in bone?

Study These Flashcards
A

secreted by osteoblasts (will cleave phospate off of stuff)

24
Beta catenin in bone formation?
Important for osteoblast maturation
25
What bone cell type looks like epithelium on histo?
Osteoblasts
26
Canaliculi
on osteocytes
27
Which bone cell type is mechanosensitive?
osteocyte
28
Components of haversian system
1. central canal (vessels and nerves); reaches out via volkmanns canals 2. lamellar rings (collagen fibers and osteocytes) 3. cement line (collagen I rich; outside of each osteon)) 4. interstital lamellae
29
Primary vs secondary bone
primary- disorganized, low mineral content, osteocyte rich | secondary- haversian system
30
Percent of bone replaced each year?
10-15%
31
Two types of osteogenesis
``` Intramembranous (flate bones)- disorganized with red bone marrow spaces Endochondral ossification (short and long) ```
32
Osteogenesis types at which week of gestation
Intamembranous- week8 | Endochondral- Week12
33
Steps of endochondral ossification
hyalin cartilage perichondrium forms, then periosteum (bone collar) inner chondrocytes hypertrophy and produce alkaline phosphatase, calcification, death osteoclasts and osteoblasts tunnel
34
Zones of endochondral ossification
1. resting cartilage- chondrocytes (no isogenous groups) 2. Proliferating cartilage- isogenous groups (coin stacks) 3. Hypertrophic change 4. calcified cartilage 5. ossification
35
Too much/too little calcium
Too much- calcitonin (thyroid) --> stop resorption | Too little- PTH --> bone resorption
36
Activators of OB
NO (from osteocyte)
37
OB inhibitors
sclerostin (from osteocyte)
38
OC activators
RANKL (from osteocyte)- differentiation M-CSF PTH TNFa, IL1, IL6
39
OC inhibitors
OPG (from osteocyte)- inhibits RANKL estrogen calcitonin (inhibit resorption)- used clinically
40
Capthepsin K
protease released by OC
41
Cell to cell interactions (Bone)
Eprhin L (OC)- EphR (OB)
42
Promoters of bone formation
WNT- promotes beta catenin (sclerostin inhibits WNT) BMP- clinical (triggers Smad activation, promotes OB formation) TGF-b (released with bone resorption) IGF-1 (stim OB differentiation PTH/PTHrP (used clinically for osteoporosis)
43
Bisphosphonates
messes up osteoclast (BP binds bone)
44
Denosumab
RANKL monoclonal AB
45
FGF23
secreted from osteocytes | controlas phosphate excretion from kidney
46
Review skeletal muscle fiber components
See notes
47
Skeletal v cardiac v smooth muscle
Skeletal: voluntary, strong/quick contraction, striated, long multinucleated, peripheral nuclei Cardiac: involuntary, strong/quick, striated, uninucleate central Smooth: involuntary, weak/slow, nonstriated, fusiform central
48
types of skeletal muscle
I- slow twitch, red oxidative (mito and myoglobin!) II- fast twitch, oxphos and glycolysis (glycogen and some mito/myo) III- fast twitch, white, glycogenn!!!, anaerobic glycolysis
49
Connective sheathes of skeletal muscle
Endomysium- wraps fiber Perimysium- wraps fascicle Epimysium- wraps muscle; forms tendon
50
Myofilament vs myofibril
myofibril- repeating sarcomere units (make up muscle fiber) | myofilament- myosin (thick) or actin ((thin)
51
Describe the myofilaments
Myosin (thick)- head, actin and ATP binding site, ATPase Actin (thin)- tropomyosin (wrapping strand) blocks myosin binding site, troponin (TnT- attaches tropomyosin, TnC binds Ca, TnI)
52
Describe sarcomere triad
T-Tubule at A/I junction (Sarcolemma extension) | terminal cisternae at each side (SPR extension, will release Ca)
53
STeps of muscle contraction
1. motor neuron -->--> T tubule --> SPR release Ca 2. Ca binds troponin --> tropomyosin moves --> expose site 3. myosin head binds actin when ADP+P, release --> working stroke, ATP binds --> actin release, ATP splits --> recock
54
Cardiac fibers vs skeletal fibers
less dense (fewer myofibrils) larger mitochondria diads at z lines

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