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Study 2nd sem > Histo chap 4 > Flashcards

Histo chap 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

four basic tissue types:

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues

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2
Q

composed of the cells responsible for the organ’s specialized functions

A

parenchyma

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3
Q

cells of which have a supporting role in the organ

A

stroma

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4
Q

Except in the brain and spinal cord, the stroma is
always ______________________

A

connective tissue

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5
Q

are composed of closely aggregated
polyhedral cells adhering strongly to one another and to a thin layer of ECM, forming cellular sheets that line the cavities of organs and cover the body surface

A

Epithelial tissues

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6
Q

The principal functions of epithelial tissues include the following:

A
  1. Covering, lining, and protecting surfaces (eg, epidermis)
  2. Absorption (eg, the intestinal lining)
  3. Secretion (eg, parenchymal cells of glands)
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7
Q

Specific cells of certain epithelia may be contractile

A

myoepithelial cells

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8
Q

taste buds or the olfactory epithelium

A

specialized sensory cells

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9
Q

CELLS:
Aggregated polyhedral cells

ECM:
Small amount

FUNCTION:
Lining of surface or body cavities; glandular secretion

A

Epithelial

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10
Q

CELLS:
Several types of fixed and wandering cells

ECM:
Abundant amount

FUNCTION:
Support and protection of tissues/organs

A

Connective

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11
Q

CELLS:
Elongated contractile cells

ECM:
Moderate amount

FUNCTION:
Strong contraction; body movements

A

Muscle

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12
Q

CELLS:
Elongated cells with extremely fine processes

ECM:
Very small amount

FUNCTION:
Transmission of nerve impulses

A

Nervous

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13
Q

generally have elongated
nuclei,

A

Columnar cells

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14
Q

have flattened nuclei

A

squamous cells

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15
Q

have more spherical nuclei

A

cuboidal or
pyramidal cells

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16
Q

The connective tissue that underlies
the epithelia lining the organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems

A

lamina propria

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17
Q

area of contact between the two tissues may be increased by small evaginations

A

papillae

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18
Q

The region of the cell contacting the ECM and connective tissue is called

A

basal pole

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19
Q

the opposite end, usually facing a space

A

apical pole

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20
Q

The basal surface of all epithelia rests on a thin extracellular, felt-like sheet of macromolecules referred to as

A

basement
membrane

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21
Q

With the transmission electron microscope (TEM) two
parts of the basement membrane may be resolved. Nearest the epithelial cells is the _____________________________, a thin, electron-dense,
sheetlike layer of fine fibrils, and beneath this layer is a more diffuse and fibrous ________________________

A

basal lamina, reticular lamina

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22
Q

large glycoproteins that attach to
transmembrane integrin proteins in the basal cell membrane and project through the mesh formed by the type IV collagen

A

Laminin:

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23
Q

Respectively a short, rodlike
protein and a proteoglycan, both of these cross-link laminins to the type IV collagen network, helping to provide the basal lamina’s three-dimensional structure, to bind the epithelium to that structure, and to determine its porosity and the size of molecules able to filter through it.

A

Nidogen and perlecan:

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24
Q

form a seal between adjacent cells.

A

Tight or occluding junctions

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25
bind epithelial cells to the underlying basal lamina.
Hemidesmosomes
26
Seals adjacent cells to one another, controlling passage of molecules between them; separates apical and basolateral membrane domains
Tight Junction (Zonula Occludens)
27
Provides points linking the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells; strengthens and stabilizes nearby tight junctions
Adherens Junction (Zonula Adherens)
28
Provides points of strong intermediate filament coupling between adjacent cells, strengthening the tissue
Desmosome (Macula Adherens)
29
Anchors cytoskeleton to the basal lamina
Hemidesmosome
30
Allows direct transfer of small molecules and ions from one cell to another
Gap Junction (Nexus)
31
are sites of strong cell adhesion
Adherent or anchoring junctions
32
are channels for communication between adjacent cells.
Gap junctions
33
The seal between the two cell membranes is due to tight interactions between the transmembrane proteins
claudin and occludin
34
Tight junctions are clearly seen after _______________________
cryofracture of epithelia
35
encircles the epithelial cell, usually immediately below the tight junction
adherens junction or zonula adherens
36
Cell adhesion is mediated by _________________, transmembrane glycoproteins of each cell that bind each other in the presence of Ca2
cadherins
37
These adhesive structures resemble a half-desmosome ultrastructurally, but unlike desmosomes the clustered transmembrane proteins that indirectly link to cytokeratin intermediate filaments are integrins rather than cadherins
hemidesmosomes
38
in epithelia specialized for absorption the apical cell surfaces are often filled with an array of projecting
microvilli
39
is a disorder of the small intestine in which one of the first pathologic changes is loss of the microvilli brush border of the absorptive cells
Celiac disease,
40
a much less common type of apical process, best seen on the absorptive epithelial cells lining the male reproductive system
Stereocilia
41
specialized stereocilia with a motion-detecting function are important components of inner ____ sensory cells.
ear
42
long, highly motile apical structures, larger than microvilli, and containing internal arrays of microtubules not microfilaments
Cilia
43
9 + 2 assembly of microtubules is called
axoneme
44
is found mainly in the epidermis of skin, where it helps prevent dehydration from the tissue
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
45
EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION: Lining of vessels (endothelium); Serous lining of cavities: pericardium, pleura, peritoneum (mesothelium) MAIN FUNCTION: Facilitates the movement of the viscera (mesothelium), active transport by pinocytosis (mesothelium and endothelium), secretion of biologically active molecules (mesothelium)
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
46
EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION: Covering the ovary, thyroid MAIN FUNCTION: Covering, secretion
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
47
EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION: Lining of intestine, gallbladder MAIN FUNCTION: Protection, lubrication, absorption, secretion
SIMPLE COLUMNAR
48
EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION: Epidermis MAIN FUNCTION: Protection; prevents water loss
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS KERATINIZED
49
EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION: Mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal MAIN FUNCTION: Protection, secretion; prevents water loss
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NON-KERATINIZED
50
EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION: Sweat glands, developing ovarian follicles MAIN FUNCTION: Protection, secretion
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
51
EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION: Bladder, ureters, renal calyces MAIN FUNCTION: Protection, distensibility
STRATIFIED TRANSITIONAL
52
EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION: Conjunctivas MAIN FUNCTION: Protection
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
53
EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION: Conjunctivas MAIN FUNCTION: Protection, secretion; cilia-mediated transport of particles trapped in mucus out of the air passages
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
54
Secretory cells may synthesize, store, and release _______________
proteins, lipids, or complexes of carbohydrates and proteins
55
remain connected with the surface epithelium, the connection forming the tubular ducts lined with epithelium that deliver the secreted material where it is used
Exocrine glands
56
lose the connection to their original epithelium and therefore lack ducts
Endocrine glands
57
Glands can be ________ (ducts not branched) or _________ (ducts with two or more branches).
simple, compound
58
Secretory portions can be ______ (either short or long and coiled) or ______ (rounded and saclike); either type of secretory unit may be branched, even if the duct is not branched
tubular, acinar
59
glands can have branching ducts and can have multiple tubular, acinar, or tubuloacinar secretory portions.
Compound
60
the most common method of protein or glycoprotein secretion and involves typical exocytosis from membrane-bound vesicles or secretory granules.
Merocrine secretion
61
cells accumulate product continuously as they enlarge and undergo terminal differentiation, culminating in complete cell disruption that releases the product and cell debris into the gland’s lumen. This is best seen in the sebaceous glands producing lipid rich material in skin
Holocrine secretion
62
Here product accumulates at the cells’ apical ends, portions of which are then pinched off to release the product surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm and cell membrane
Apocrine secretion
63
FEATURES: Elongated secretory portion; duct usually short or absent EXAMPLES: Mucous glands of colon; intestinal glands or crypts (of Lieberkühn)
Simple Tubular
64
FEATURES: Several long secretory parts joining to drain into 1 duct EXAMPLES: Glands in the uterus and stomach
Branched Tubular
65
FEATURES: Secretory portion is very long and coiled EXAMPLES: Sweat glands
Coiled Tubular
66
FEATURES: Rounded, saclike secretory portion EXAMPLES: Small mucous glands along the urethra
Simple Acinar (or Alveolar)
67
FEATURES: Multiple saclike secretory parts entering the same duct EXAMPLES: Sebaceous glands of the skin
Branched Acinar
68
FEATURES: Several elongated coiled secretory units and their ducts converge to form larger ducts EXAMPLES: Submucosal mucous glands (of Brunner) in the duodenum
Compound Tubular
69
FEATURES: Several saclike secretory units with small ducts converge at a larger duct EXAMPLES: Exocrine pancreas
Compound Acinar
70
FEATURES: Ducts of both tubular and acinar secretory units converge at larger ducts EXAMPLES: Salivary glands
Tubuloacinar
71
secretion releases products, usually containing proteins, by means of exocytosis at the apical end of the secretory cells.
Merocrine secretion
72
produced by the disintegration of the secretory cells themselves as they complete their terminal differentiation
Holocrine secretion
73
involves loss of membrane-enclosed apical cytoplasm, usually containing one or more lipid droplets
Apocrine secretion
74
a thin extracellular layer of specialized proteins
basement membrane
75
is a thin meshwork of type IV collagen and laminin produced by the epithelial cells
basal lamina
76
contains type III collagen and anchoring fibrils of VII collagen, all secreted by cells of the immediately adjacent connective tissue.
reticular lamina
77
The major function in many epithelial cells is synthesis and secretion of specialized products; organs composed primarily of such epithelia are called
glands
78
have epithelial ducts carrying secretions to specific sites;
Exocrine glands
79
lack ducts; secreted substances are hormones carried throughout the body by the interstitial fluid and blood, with specificity produced by the hormone receptors of target cells
Endocrine glands

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