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GI > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of the oral cavity, teeth and tongue

A

mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretion

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2
Q

what is the role of the salivary glands

A

secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates

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3
Q

what is the role of the pharynx

A

pharyngeal muscles propel materials into the oesophagus

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4
Q

what is the role of the oesophagus

A

transport of material into the stomach

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5
Q

what is the role of the stomach

A

chemical breakdown of materials via acid ans enzymes

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6
Q

what is the role of the liver

A

secretion of bile (lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital functions

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7
Q

what is the role of the pancreas

A

exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes

endocrine cells secrete hormones

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8
Q

what is the role of the gall bladder

A

storage and concentration of bile

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9
Q

what is the role of the small intestine

A

enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins and ions

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10
Q

what is the role of the large intestine

A

dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination

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11
Q

what cells cover the oral cavity, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium- generally not keratinized

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12
Q

what cells cover the nasal cavity and nasopharynx

A

respiratory epithelium

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13
Q

what cells cover the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

stratified squamous epithelium, thin on ventral (forward) surface, thick and with papillae on the dorsal (backwards) surface

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14
Q

what cells cover the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

A

smooth stratified squamous epithelium which (expect for the circumvallate) lacks papillae. Does have substantial lymphoid aggregates in the submucosa

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15
Q

what are the papillae of the tonuge

A

fungiform, circumvallate, foliate, filiform

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16
Q

what are the different structures present in the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

A

stratified squamous epithelium, crypts, lymphoid tissue with some lymphoid follicles

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17
Q

(from the oesophagus to the anal canal) what are the 4 main layers of the GI tract from the lumen outwards

A

mucosa,
submucosa,
muscularis externa,
serosa/ adventitia

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18
Q

what are the three layers of the mucosa

A 
epithelium (sits on a basal lamina)
lamina propria (loose connective tissue)
muscularis mucosae (thin layer of smooth muscle)
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19
Q

what is the submucosa

A

loose connective tissue

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20
Q

what is the muscularis externa

A

two thick layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

21
Q

what is the serosa or adventitia

A

outerlayer of connective tissue that either suspends the digestive tract or attaches it to other organs

22
Q

what are the holes in the epithelium called

A

gastric pits, at the bottom of these are gastric glands

23
Q

what lines gastric pits

A

surface mucous cells

24
Q

what are the parts of the from top to bottom

A

pit
isthmus (mostly parietal cells)
neck (mucous and stem cells)
base (chief, parietal, enteroendocrine cells)

25
Q

what is the role of the chief cell

A

digesting enzyme secreting cell

26
Q

what is the role of the parietal cells

A

hydrochloric acid producing cell

27
Q

describe the mucosa of the cardia of the stomach

A

deep gastric pits that branch into loosely packed tortuous glands

28
Q

describe the mucosa of the body of the stomach

A

shallow gastric pits with long straight gastric glands

29
Q

describe the mucosa of the pylorus of the stomach

A

deep gastric pits with branched coiled gastric glands at a higher density than in the cardia

30
Q

what is different about the muscularis externa of the stomach

A

in areas has additional layer which is oblique to the usual circular and longitudinal muscle layers, and is located internal to the circular layer. this layer aids in churning

31
Q

describe the gastroduodenal junction

A

abrupt transition from stomach mucosa to duodenal mucosa. the inner layer of circular smooth muscle is markedly thickened to form the pyloric sphincter

32
Q

what is seen on the surface view of the small intestine

A

villi and crypt of lieberkuhn

33
Q

how long is the duodenum

A

25cm

34
Q

how long is the jejunum

A

2m long

35
Q

how long is the ileum

A

2.75m

36
Q

where are peyers patches found

A

in the ileum

37
Q

describe enterocytes

A

the most numerous, tall columnar cells with a brush border, the principle absorptive cells

38
Q

describe goblet cells

A

produce mucin to protect epithelium and lubricate passage of material

39
Q

describe paneth cells

A

Found at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn, they have a defensive function and have a role in regulating bacterial flora (secrete lysozyme and definsins)

40
Q

describe enteroendocrine (neuroendocrine) cells

A

produce hormones that contribute to the control of secretion and motility (e.g. gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

41
Q

describe stem cells

A

found at the base of the crypts of lieberkuhn, they divide to replenish epithelium

42
Q

how is the duodenum different from any other part of the GI tract below the oesophagus

A

has glands within the submucosa called brunners glands which produce a thin alkaline mucous to neutralised the chyme

43
Q

what type of tissue are peyers patches

A

lymphoid

44
Q

what are the two principle cell types of the large intestinal epithelium

A 
absorptive cells (remove salt and water)
goblet cells (secrete mucous to lubricate the colon)
45
Q

what is the appendix

A

blind ending hollow extension of the cecum

46
Q

what is the 2-3cm of the anal canal continuous with

A

the stratified squamous epithelium of the surrounding skin

47
Q

what controls gut motility

A

enteric nervous system, via myenteric plexus. most neurons in ganglia between two muscle layers of the muscularis externa

48
Q

what is the submucosal plexus

A

second network of neurons found in the submucosa that controls the muscle of the muscularis mucosae and also helps regulate secretion in the epithelium

GI (64 decks)

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