Staging of Bowl Cancer

Question 1

list the layer of the bowl from outermost to innermost

Answer 1

serosa
subserosa
muscularis propria
submucosa 
muscularis mucosa 
mucosa

Question 2

what does the mucosa consist of

Answer 2

simple columnar epithelium (columnic glands, goblet and absorptive cells)

lamina propria (loose connective tissue between glands)

muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

Question 3

what colour are stained goblet cells

Answer 3

clear

Question 4

describe the musclaris mucosa

Answer 4

solid dark pink layer, very thin, just under glands,

Question 5

describe the submucosa

Answer 5

thick layer of connective tissue

Question 6

describe the muscularis propria

Answer 6

solid, thick band of smooth muscle

Question 7

what alongside serosa can be found on the outside of the bowl

Answer 7

fat

Question 8

what is serosa

Answer 8

layer of connective tissue and fat (subserosa)with an outer cover of epithelium

Question 9

what do non cancerous lymph nodes look like

Answer 9

spherical and well circumscribed

Question 10

what do cancerous lymph nodes look like

Answer 10

lack organisation, presence of cystic spaces, tall dark tightly pack cells

Question 11

what does TNM staging stand for

Answer 11

Tumour size
lymph Node involvement
Metastasis

Question 12

what is Tis in bowl cancer

Answer 12

tumour in situ, contained within the lamina propria

Question 13

what is T1 in bowl cancer

Answer 13

tumour has invaded the submucosa, not not the muscularis externa (propria)

Question 14

what is T2 in bowl cancer

Answer 14

tumour has invaded the muscularis propria but not beyond

Question 15

what is T3 in bowl cancer

Answer 15

tumour has invaded beyond the muscularis propria, into the serosa but has not perforated it

Question 16

what is T4 in bowl cancer

Answer 16

tumour has directly invaded other organs or perforated visceral peritoneum

Question 17

what is NX in bowl cancer

Answer 17

lymph nodes cannot be assesed

Question 18

what is N0 in bowl cancer

Answer 18

no regional lymph node metastisis

Question 19

what is N1 in bowl cancer

Answer 19

metastasis in 1-3 nearby lymph nodes

Question 20

what is N2 in bowl cancer

Answer 20

metastasis in 4 or more regional lymph nodes

Question 21

what is M0 in bowl cancer

Answer 21

no metastasis to distant tissues

Question 22

what is M1 in bowl cancer

Answer 22

metastasis to distant tissues

Question 23

what is duke staging A

Answer 23

confined to bowl wall, no lymph metastasis

Question 24

what is duke staging B

Answer 24

local spread outwidth bowl wall, no lymph node metastasis

Question 25

what is duke staging C

Answer 25

lymph node metastasis

Question 26

what is duke staging D

Answer 26

metastatic disease

Question 27

what is adenocarcinoma

Answer 27

tumour originating from a gladular epithelium which has invaded beyond the site where the tissue is normally found can be poorly or well differentiated (well= when they look like the tissues from which they originated)

Question 28

what is adenoma

Answer 28

benign tumour of glandular epithelium, not evaded beyond epithelial basal lamina as benign, often display dysphagia

Question 29

what is dysplasia

Answer 29

an expansion of numbers of immature cells that is restricted to the site where the cells are normally found

Question 30

what is metastasis

Answer 30

spread of tumour from one site to a non adjacent site