History Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
Why is History Important?
A
“Those who do not know history are doomed to repeat it”
2
Q
Presentist Bias
A
Tendency to analyse past ideas in terms of the present
3
Q
Zeitgeist
A
Spirit of the times
4
Q
Ibn Al-Haytham
A
Founder of psychophysics and experimental psychology
5
Q
Historical Truth
A
- Requires interpretation
- We have to believe someone
6
Q
Wilhelm Wundt
A
- Structuralism
7
Q
Weber’s Law
A
- Change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus
- If 5 gram is the noticeable difference between 100 and 105 grams, then for 1000 gram, it will be 1050 gram
- Hence, Weber Fraction is 5/100
8
Q
Introspection
A
- Study the structure of the mind and consciousness
- Mental elements make up our conscious experience
9
Q
Structuralism
A
- Understanding what makes up the mind
- Problem is can’t divide current thoughts to analyse them to little building blocks
- Problem is stream of consciousness
10
Q
Trypanon
A
- Drill turned by hand into skull
- Treat mental illness by letting out “evil spirits”
- Treat fractures and headaches
11
Q
Brain
A
Neuro-biological processes that generate mental processes
12
Q
Mind
A
- All subjective experiences
- Individual perceptions, memories, incentives
13
Q
Behaviour
A
Wide variety of actions that can be observed
14
Q
Egypt
A
- Heart was the seat of the soul
- Feelings and thinking came from heart not the brain
- The brain was discarded
15
Q
Edwin Smith Papyrus
A
The seat of the soul was clearly different than the source of our behaviour
16
Q
3 Cell Theory
A
- Cell 1 is the collection of information from sense
- Cell 2 is cognition and thinking
- Cell 3 is memory
17
Q
Paul Broca (1824 - 1880)
A
Patient had brain lesion where he could understand but couldn’t speak
18
Q
Karl Wernicke (1848 - 1905)
A
- Patient had brain lesion
- Speech production was intact but language comprehension was gone
19
Q
Phrenology
A
- Franz Josef Gall and his student Spurzheim
- If you had a bump on your head, you were more specialised in that area
20
Q
Phinnias Gage
A
Stick went through his skull and brain and personality changed
21
Q
Lobotomy
A
Incision into the prefrontal lobe of the brain of mental illness
22
Q
Lay-Persons
A
68% of the 300 participants answered that psychologists can “read people’s mind”
23
Q
Problem of Demarcation
A
Asking what is scientific and what is unscientific?
24
Q
Clever Hans
A
- Horse that can count by tapping his feet
- See docs
25
Subliminal Perception
- Puts the thought in your mind without even being consciously aware.
26
Karl Popper (1902 - 1994)
- Claimed falsifiability/null hypothesis
- Hypothesis all swans are white
- Can only prove wrong since black swans definitely exist
27
Thomas Kuhn (1922 - 1996)
28
Molyneux’s Problem
If a man who has been born blind and has learnt to distinguish and name a globe and a cube by touch, would he be able to distinguish and name these objects simply by sight once he had been enabled to see
29
Mental Presentation
Image of an object that comes to mind first
30
Tabula Rasa
We are born with an empty slate
31
Rationalism
Life should be based on logic, rather than emotions and religion
32
Body-Mind Problem
Monoism - only mind exists or only body exists
33
Materialism
Only body exists
34
Mentalism/Immaterialism
- Nothing exists if you don't have a mind
- Objects can't exist without it being perceived
- George Berkeley (1685-1753)
35
Interactionalism
- Both mind and body exist at the same time
36
René Descartes
- "I think, therefore I am
- You can doubt everything except your own existence
37
Emmanuel Kant
"The human mind knows objects: it is innate!"
38
Noam Chomsky
- Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
- Born with the ability to learn language but must be activated in critical/sensitive period
39
Imprinting
- Attachment is innate and programmed genetically
40
Genie
- At 13 years of age, this child had spent the past 11 years harnessed to potty seat
- Couldn't speak
41
Gestalt
- You cannot build a house by studying a brick
- Perceptual Organisation
42
Gesalt Laws
See docs
43
Behaviorism
- The behaviour of a person is the product of all one has learned in the past
- Behaviors are acquired through conditioning, and conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment
44
Classical Conditioning
- Something that produces a response becomes paired with something else
- Over time, the ‘something else’ produces the same response
- Thoughts and feelings were irrelevant-
See docs
45
Operant Conditioning
- Reward or punishment make a behaviour more or less likely
- Assumption: Behavioural Hedonism: We are motivted to learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain- Reward or punishment make a behaviour more or less likely
46
John B. Watson
The behaviour of a person is the product of all one has learned in the past
47
Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
- Satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again
- Discomforting effect become less likely to occur again
48
Skinner
Rat, flower pot and palettes
Have to get rat to sit on the flower pot
Rewarding small steps
Everytime the rat looks at the pallet, gives food. Keep doing it and then stop suddenly.
Rat is going to wonder and everytime it walks closer to the pot and then gives food. Keep doing it and then stop suddenly.
Rat is going to wonder and everytime it puts its paws onto the pot, give food.
49
Intermezzo
- Learned helplessness based on uncontrollable events
- Seligman's experiments: dogs learned helplessness after being shocked without escape, later failing to jump a hurdle to avoid shocks even when they could.
- Victims of domestic violence stay in unsafe environments
50
Problems of Behaviourism
1. Barnabus
2. Reinforcements are not crucial for learning
51
Garcia
- Poison one sheep
- The wolf attacks the sheep and gets really sick
- Wolf learns to not attack the sheep
52
Cognitive Revolution
Shift to focus on the internal mental processes driving human behavior
53
Split Brain
- Left hemisphere: speech
- RIght hemisphere: action
54
New Ways to Measure Brain Activity
- fMRI
- CT scan
- MEG
55
Hippocrates
- Mental illness had to do with blood,
phlegm, (yellow)bile, and black bile
56
Asylum/BEDLAM
- Available for public
- Ran like a zoo
- Abused and untrained staff
57
Dorothy Dix
- Found mentally ill people confined under inhumane conditions
- Started a campaign to reform asylums
58
Sigmund Freud
- Psychoanalytic theory of personality
- Identity, ego, consciousness
59
Hypnotherapy
Hypnosis
60
Neo-Freudians
- Carl Jung
- Anna Freud
61
Behaviour Therapy
Systematic desensitisation
- Graudally exposing fears
62
Carl Rogers
- Humanistic Approach
- Empathy and honesty is necessary for therapist
63
Problems with DSM-5
- Lowers the threshold for conditions
- Expanding symptoms lead to overdiagnosis
