Social Flashcards
(59 cards)
1
Q
Social Cognition
A
Making sense of information around us
2
Q
Social Perception
A
- Understand and make judgements of other people’s behaviours
3
Q
Social Interaction
A
Process by which people interact with each other
4
Q
Person Perspective
A
Characteristics that individuals carry into social situations
- E.G. Self esteem, extraversion
5
Q
Situational Perspective
A
Environmental and circumstances outside of the person’s control
- E.G. Social norms in Uni vs in a pub
6
Q
Attribution Theory
A
Giving a casual explanation for someone’s behavior, crediting either internal dispositions (personality) or external situations
7
Q
Covariation Model
A
People ask themselves questions to determine if they will make an internal or external attribution
- Consistency information: Does the actor behave the same toward the stimulus in different situations
- Consensus Information: Do other people behave the same toward the stimulus?
- Distinctiveness Information: Does the actor behave the same toward different stimuli?
8
Q
Correspondence Bias/Fundamental Attribution Error
A
Tendency to over-attribute behaviour to personality traits and underestimate situational influence
- E.G. See someone speeding and assume they are reckless driver
9
Q
Quiz Show Paradigm
A
10
Q
Attitudes
A
Organisation of belief, feelings and behaviour tendencies toward people
11
Q
Measurements of attitudes
A
- Explicit attitudes - Conscious
E.G. People fake their response because they don’t want reseracher to think negatively of them - Implict attitudes - Unconscious
12
Q
Implicit Association Test (HAT)
A
Findings: If you have pre-existing association between “flowers and good words” it should take you longer to respond to “flower and bad words”
13
Q
Theory of Reasoned Action
A
- Behavior change is determined by the intention to perform a behavior
- See docs
14
Q
Theory of Planned Behaviour
A
- Easy or difficulty of performing behaviour added to Theory of Reasoned Action
- See docs
15
Q
Cognitive Dissonances
A
- State of conflict after they make a particular decision
- Makes us feel unpleasant so we are motivated to CHANGE BEHAVIOUR, CHANGE OPINION, ADD NEW COGNITIONS
16
Q
Reasons for Attitude Shift
A
- Motivational - Reduce tension of holding two opposing beliefs
- Purely Cognitive - Observe own behaviour
17
Q
Elaboration Likelihood Model
A
- How people can be persuaded
- See docs
18
Q
Elaboration Likelihood Model: CENTRAL ROUTE
A
- Thinks carefully about the message
- Pay attention to quality of argument
19
Q
Elaboration Likelihood Model: PERIPHERAL MODEL
A
Emotional appeal
20
Q
Stereotypes
A
Characteristics and beliefs about a group
21
Q
Prejudice
A
Positive or negative attitude towards a group
22
Q
Discrimination
A
Harmful behaviour towards a group
23
Q
Causes of Stereotypes
A
- Social Identity Theory - Categorise people into “us” and “them” groups
- Stereotypes are transmitted through culture and society
24
Q
Causes of Prejudice
A
- Social Identity Theory - Categorise people into “us” and “them” groups
- Competition over scarce resources
25
Compliance
People try to persuade your opinion attitude
26
Conformity
Tendency for people to adopt the attitudes of other members of a reference group
27
Obedience
Compliance with an authority figure
28
Types of Social Influence
1. Informational Influence - individuals desire behaving in the “correct” way
2. Normative influence - individuals desire to be accepted
29
Informational Social Influence - Autokinetic Effect
- Participant asked to judge how far a light moved, when light did not actually move
- Findings: Participants make their estimate in a group setting, and over time, the estimates of the group converged
- PRIVATE ACCEPTANCE
30
Normative Social Influence - Line Studies
- People seated around a table with only one real participant and other are working with the experiment
- Findings: Overall 33% of trials in which fake participants gave wrong answer, the real participants gave the same wrong answer
- PUBLIC COMPLIANCE
31
Factors Affecting Conformity
- Ambiguity
- Need to be accurate
- Unanimity
- Admiration of the status of the group
32
Minority Influence
- Numerical or power minority can change the behaviours of the majority
33
Moscovici, Lage, & Naffrechoux (1969)
- Findings: When minority was consistent, real participants conformed 9% of the time
- Findings: When minority was inconsistent, real participants conformed 2% of the time
34
Conversion Effect
- Minority influence brings about private acceptance in the attitudes of a majority
- Many majority groups are not strong believers
35
Obedience
Compliance with an authority figure
36
Milgram’s (1963)
- Everytime learner gets something wrong, he gets shocked by teacher and increases by 15V every time but shock machine is fake
- 26 participants out of 40 only stopped at 450V
37
Why do we obey?
1. Informational social influence
2. Normative social influence
3. Self Justification
4. Loss of personal responsibility
38
Prosocial Behaviour
Behaving in a way that is good for other people or society
39
Helping Behaviour
Acts that intentionally benefit someone else
40
Altruism
Help other people even when there is
- No apparent personal gain
- Potential costs to helper
41
Social Norms
Expectations for a group regarding acceptable and appropriate attitudes and behaviours
42
Evolutionary Social Psychology
- Kin Selection (natural selection of favourable behaviours)
- Reciprocity
- Mutually cooperative behaviour
43
Social Exchange Theory
People will help if benefits outweigh costs
44
Social Roles
Socially defined pattern of behaviour that is expected of a person
45
Altruistic Helping
Motivated by empathy
- Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis - empathise with someone that gives rise to altruistic motivation to help others
46
Egoistic Helping
Motivated to get something in return
- Negative-State Relief Hypothesis - help to feel better about yourself
47
Influences on Prosocial Behaviour
- Individual Differences
- Situational Factors
48
Influences on Prosocial Behaviour: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
- Personality
- Gender
- Mood
49
Influences on Prosocial Behaviour: SITUATIONAL FACTORS
Bystander Effect - people are less likely to help in the presence of others than when alone
50
5 Step Model
1. Notice the event
2. Interpret the event as emergency
3. Assume responsibility
4. Know appropriate form of assistance
5. Implement decision
51
Proximity/Propinquity
The more we see and interact with person, the more we like them
52
Mere Exposure Effect
- Repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object
- Can be positive or negative
53
Reciprocity
- We like those who like us
- We dislike those who dislike u
54
Similarity
- Similarity in terms of opinions, attitudes and interest
- Not necessarily personality traits
55
Similarity Promotes Attraction
- Similar others have qualities we like
- Similar others validate our beliefs
- We make negative inferences about people who disagree with us
56
Passionate Love
- Ecstatic
- Physically arousing
- Desire for physical contact
- Sadness when things are not going well
57
Companionate Love
- Intimate
- Soul mates
- Commitment to the relationship
58
Good and Bad in Relationships
- Positive behaviours: Validating and expressing appreciation
- Negative behaviours: criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling
59
Attributions for partner’s behaviour
- Internal for positive and external for negative behaviours (in more satisfying relationships)
- External for positive and internal for negative behaviours (in less satisfying relationships)
