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Personality Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

Hippocrates (6th Century BC) and Galen (2nd Century BC)

A

Personality = Humours

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2
Q

Kant (18th Century)

A

Personality = Special laws

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3
Q

Gall (18th Century)

A

Personality = Lumps in brain

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4
Q

What is Personality?

A
  1. Ego - The Self
  2. Material self - Me
  3. Social - Me
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5
Q
  1. What is Personality?: EGO-THE SELF
A
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Existentialist
  • Humanist
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6
Q
  1. What is Personality?: MATERIAL SELF-ME
A
  • Biological
  • Heuristic
  • Complex systems
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7
Q
  1. What is Personality?: SOCIAL-ME
A
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive behaviourism
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8
Q

Biological

A
  • Personality is within ourselves
  • Neural networks, gut biomes, genes
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9
Q

Environmental

A
  • External experiences make up who we are
  • Family networks, cultural norms, nationality
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10
Q

Nomothetic Methodologies

A
  • Experiments to make generalisations and laws of behaviour
  • Work in same way in all humans but vary in strength
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11
Q

Idiographic methodologies

A

System unique to the individual

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12
Q

Psychoanalytical Approach

A
  • Freud
  • Focus on unconscious and childhood issues
  • Behaviour is a result of Id, ego and superego
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13
Q

Psychodynamic Approach

A
  • Freud and neo-Freudians
  • Focus on unconscious and social factor’s impact on individuals
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14
Q

Psychosexual

A

1.Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Genital

See docs

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15
Q

Existentialism

A

Assumes people are neither good or bad

  1. Personal Growth
  2. Personal Experience
  3. Now and Here
  4. Personal Responsibility
  5. People can be good or bad
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16
Q

Existentialism: PERSONAL GROWTH

A
  • Embracing the challenge of experiences
  • Willingness to make decisions and confront fears
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17
Q

Existentialism: PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

A

Finding inner peace and the ability to adapt

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18
Q

Existentialism: NOW AND HERE

A

Being present and avoid dwelling the past or future

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19
Q

Existentialism: PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

A
  • Make good choices
  • Search for meaning
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20
Q

Existentialism: PEOPLE CAN BE GOOD OR BAD

A

People are who they are because of choices they make

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21
Q

Mental Health in Existentialism

A

Rejects the medical model of mental illness

  1. Incongruence - Discrepancy between one’s experiences and their self concept leads to anxiety
  2. Terror Management - Awareness and response to death
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22
Q

Humanism

A

Assumes people are good

  1. Personal Growth
  2. Personal Experience
  3. Now and Here
  4. Personal Responsibility
  5. Inherent Goodness in People
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23
Q

Humanism: PERSONAL GROWTH

A

Encourages self-exploration

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24
Q

Humanism: PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

A

Embrace subjective experiences and emphasise uniqueness

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25
Humanism: NOW AND HERE
Being present and avoid dwelling the past or future
26
Humanism: PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY
Emphasise person’s autonomy and self-determination in shaping their experiences
27
Humanism: INHERENT GOODNESS IN PEOPLE
People are not fundamentally flawed
28
Existentialism: THE SELF
- Existence is full of challenge - Challenges must be embraced to be worth living
29
Contributions of Existentialism and Humanism
- Gave rise to positive and transpersonal psychology - First theory to capitalise on free will
30
Criticisicms of Existentialism and Humanism
Too much reliance on individual’s self reported conscious experience and introspection
31
Theoretical Approach
- Lack of standardisation - Don’t know what is going on in one’s mind
32
Clinical Approach
- Doesn't allow generalisation - Biased conclusions
33
Behaviourism
The behaviour of a person is the product of all one has learned in the past 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant Conditioning 3. Habituation 4. Functional Analysis
34
Radical Behaviourism
Only environmental contingencies shape the person
35
Behaviourism: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
- Something that produces a response becomes paired with something else - Over time, the ‘something else’ produces the same response - Thoughts and feelings were irrelevant
36
Behaviourism: OPERANT CONDITIONING
- Reward or punishment make a behaviour more or less likely - Assumption: Behavioural Hedonism: We are motivted to learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain
37
Behaviourism: HABITUATION
Responses reduce when stimuli repeats over
38
Cognitive Behaviourism
- Emotions, thoughts, behaviours are linked to each other and thus affets how they feel - We don't only learn through our own stimuli experiences but also learn from others - Includes self-system which allows for observational learning
39
Self-System
1. Attentional Processes 2. Retention Process 3. Production Processes 4. Motivation Processes
40
Cognitive-Affective Account
- Internal system mediates of situational input and behavioural output - Cognitive-Affective Personality System CAPS made up of Cognitive-Affective Units (CAU’s
41
Contributions of Behavioural Approaches
Treatment of phobias, substance abuse, personality, and mood disorders E.G. Cognitive-Behavioural therapy (CBT) and Systematic Desensitisation
42
Trait Theory
- Every human possess all traits, but not at the same intensity - Trait development ends in early adulthood - Traits constantly fluctuate E.G. outgoing, impulsive, creative
43
Behavioural Genetics of Personality
- Shared Environment (Family, school, culture) = 10% - Biological Genetics (hormones, genes, sex) = 40% - Non-shared Environment (unique experiences) = 50%
44
Hierarchy
See docs
45
Lexical Taxonomies
Identify trait-descriptors in natural language a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Agreeableness d. Conscientiousness e. Openness
46
Psychobiological Taxonomy
Identifies the biological/genetic markers of traits a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Psychoticism
47
Lexical Methodologies
Individual differences become socially shared and will eventually become encoded into their language”
48
Problem with Lexical Methodologies
Personality describe traits but don’t explain them
49
Psychobiological Methodologies
Primary systems of personality 1. Extraversion 2. Neuroticism
50
Extraversion
Associated with cortical arousal - Extraverts less easily aroused so need more stimulation - Introverts more easily aroused, so need less simulation
51
Neuroticism
Associated with fight/flight system - Neurotics more easily aroused, so more easily panicked̶ - Emotionally stable less easily aroused, so less easily panicked
52
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST)
1. Behavioral Activation System -Sensitivity to reward 2. Behavioural Inhibition System - Sensitivity to punishment 3. Fight, Flight, Freeze - Sensitivity to unconditioned stimuli
53
Contributions of Trait Theory???
- Testable - Direct applications to occupational/educational psychology
54
Limitations of Trait Theory???
- Can’t manage the complex interactions between elements of personality - How to account for changes in personality traits through adulthood
55
Id
- Operates on pleasure principle - Seeking immediate gratification
56
Ego
- Operates on reality principle - Delays the gratification until the appropriate conditions are present
57
Superego
- Moral part of the mind
58
Collective Unconscious
- Made up of archetypes (themes and images) - Stored hidden memory traces inherited from our ancestral past
59
Personality = Humours
Hippocrates (6th Century BC) and Galen (2nd Century BC)
60
Personality = Special laws
Kant (18th Century)
61
Personality = Lumps in brain
Gall (18th Century)
62
1. Ego - The Self 2. Material self - Me 3. Social - Me
What is Personality?
63
- Psychoanalytic - Existentialist - Humanist
1. What is Personality?: EGO-THE SELF
64
- Biological - Heuristic - Complex systems
2. What is Personality?: MATERIAL SELF-ME
65
- Behavioral - Cognitive behaviourism
3. What is Personality?: SOCIAL-ME
66
- Personality is within ourselves - Neural networks, gut biomes, genes
Biological
67
- External experiences make up who we are - Family networks, cultural norms, nationality
Environmental
68
- Experiments to make generalisations and laws of behaviour - Work in same way in all humans but vary in strength
Nomothetic Methodologies
69
System unique to the individual
Idiographic methodologies
70
- Freud - Focus on unconscious and childhood issues - Behaviour is a result of Id, ego and superego
Psychoanalytical Approach
71
- Freud and neo-Freudians - Focus on unconscious and social factor's impact on individuals
Psychodynamic Approach
72
1.Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Genital See docs
Psychosexual
73
Assumes people are neither good or bad 1. Personal Growth 2. Personal Experience 3. Now and Here 4. Personal Responsibility 5. People can be good or bad
Existentialism
74
- Embracing the challenge of experiences - Willingness to make decisions and confront fears
Existentialism: PERSONAL GROWTH
75
Finding inner peace and the ability to adapt
Existentialism: PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
76
Being present and avoid dwelling the past or future
Existentialism: NOW AND HERE
77
- Make good choices - Search for meaning
Existentialism: PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY
78
People are who they are because of choices they make
Existentialism: PEOPLE CAN BE GOOD OR BAD
79
Rejects the medical model of mental illness 1. Incongruence - Discrepancy between one's experiences and their self concept leads to anxiety 2. Terror Management - Awareness and response to death
Mental Health in Existentialism
80
Assumes people are good 1. Personal Growth 2. Personal Experience 3. Now and Here 4. Personal Responsibility 5. Inherent Goodness in People
Humanism
81
Encourages self-exploration
Humanism: PERSONAL GROWTH
82
Embrace subjective experiences and emphasise uniqueness
Humanism: PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
83
Being present and avoid dwelling the past or future
Humanism: NOW AND HERE
84
Emphasise person’s autonomy and self-determination in shaping their experiences
Humanism: PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY
85
People are not fundamentally flawed
Humanism: INHERENT GOODNESS IN PEOPLE
86
- Existence is full of challenge - Challenges must be embraced to be worth living
Existentialism: THE SELF
87
- Gave rise to positive and transpersonal psychology - First theory to capitalise on free will
Contributions of Existentialism and Humanism
88
Too much reliance on individual’s self reported conscious experience and introspection
Criticisicms of Existentialism and Humanism
89
- Lack of standardisation - Don’t know what is going on in one’s mind
Theoretical Approach
90
- Doesn't allow generalisation - Biased conclusions
Clinical Approach
91
The behaviour of a person is the product of all one has learned in the past 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant Conditioning 3. Habituation 4. Functional Analysis
Behaviourism
92
Only environmental contingencies shape the person
Radical Behaviourism
93
- Something that produces a response becomes paired with something else - Over time, the ‘something else’ produces the same response - Thoughts and feelings were irrelevant
Behaviourism: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
94
- Reward or punishment make a behaviour more or less likely - Assumption: Behavioural Hedonism: We are motivted to learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain
Behaviourism: OPERANT CONDITIONING
95
Responses reduce when stimuli repeats over
Behaviourism: HABITUATION
96
- Emotions, thoughts, behaviours are linked to each other and thus affets how they feel - We don't only learn through our own stimuli experiences but also learn from others - Includes self-system which allows for observational learning
Cognitive Behaviourism
97
1. Attentional Processes 2. Retention Process 3. Production Processes 4. Motivation Processes
Self-System
98
- Internal system mediates of situational input and behavioural output - Cognitive-Affective Personality System CAPS made up of Cognitive-Affective Units (CAU’s
Cognitive-Affective Account
99
Treatment of phobias, substance abuse, personality, and mood disorders E.G. Cognitive-Behavioural therapy (CBT) and Systematic Desensitisation
Contributions of Behavioural Approaches
100
- Every human possess all traits, but not at the same intensity - Trait development ends in early adulthood - Traits constantly fluctuate E.G. outgoing, impulsive, creative
Trait Theory
101
- Shared Environment (Family, school, culture) = 10% - Biological Genetics (hormones, genes, sex) = 40% - Non-shared Environment (unique experiences) = 50%
Behavioural Genetics of Personality
102
See docs
Hierarchy
103
Identify trait-descriptors in natural language a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Agreeableness d. Conscientiousness e. Openness
Lexical Taxonomies
104
Identifies the biological/genetic markers of traits a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Psychoticism
Psychobiological Taxonomy
105
Individual differences become socially shared and will eventually become encoded into their language”
Lexical Methodologies
106
Personality describe traits but don’t explain them
Problem with Lexical Methodologies
107
Primary systems of personality 1. Extraversion 2. Neuroticism
Psychobiological Methodologies
108
Associated with cortical arousal - Extraverts less easily aroused so need more stimulation - Introverts more easily aroused, so need less simulation
Extraversion
109
Associated with fight/flight system - Neurotics more easily aroused, so more easily panicked̶ - Emotionally stable less easily aroused, so less easily panicked
Neuroticism
110
1. Behavioral Activation System -Sensitivity to reward 2. Behavioural Inhibition System - Sensitivity to punishment 3. Fight, Flight, Freeze - Sensitivity to unconditioned stimuli
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST)
111
- Testable - Direct applications to occupational/educational psychology
Contributions of Trait Theory???
112
- Can’t manage the complex interactions between elements of personality - How to account for changes in personality traits through adulthood
Limitations of Trait Theory???
113
- Operates on pleasure principle - Seeking immediate gratification
Id
114
- Operates on reality principle - Delays the gratification until the appropriate conditions are present
Ego
115
- Moral part of the mind
Superego
116
- Made up of archetypes (themes and images) - Stored hidden memory traces inherited from our ancestral past
Collective Unconscious

0011 (12 decks)

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