Mental Health Conditions Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
Empirical Method
A
- Description
- Causation
- Treatment
2
Q
Empirical Methods: DESCRIPTION
A
- More complicated than mental health conditions since it can’t be observed
- When illness are determined, they need to be classified and differentiated
- E.G. Someone is vomitting –> Are they sick? Or are they pregnant? Or are they drunk?
3
Q
Empiricial Method: CAUSATION
A
- Biology
- Psychological
- Upbringing
- Social environment
4
Q
Empirical Methods: TREATMENT
A
- Rigorous testing of treatments
5
Q
3 D’s of Abnormality
A
- Deviates
- Distressing
- Dysfunction
6
Q
3 D’s of Abnormality: DEVIATES
A
- Behaviour that deviates from societal norms
- HOWEVER, can’t use deviation as only factor for abnormality
- E.G. People unique talents
7
Q
3 D’s of Abnormality: DISTRESSING
A
- Emotional suffering due to behaviour
- HOWEVER, people with bipolar manic episodes think they aren’t distressed
8
Q
3 D’s of Abnormality: DYSFUNCTION
A
- Inability to perform daily activities
- HOWEVER, people’s daily goals are different
9
Q
Bio-Psycho-Social Model
A
Docs
10
Q
Psychiatrist
A
- Fully qualified medical doctor
- Takes biomedical approach
- Can prescribe medication
11
Q
Clinical Psychologist
A
- Makes the person feel better by hearing background
- Change patient’s thoughts and feelings
- Takes bio-psycho-social approach
-Cannot prescribe medication
12
Q
Social Worker
A
- Work in direct services
- Help people cope with problems related to social cultural issues
13
Q
Counsellor
A
- Non-judgmental listening ear
- Works in particular area (family, marriage, school)
14
Q
Bio-Medical Models: LIMITATIONS
A
- People are reduced to smaller levels
- Just because antidepressant increased chemical levels in brain doesn’t mean that was what you were lacking
15
Q
Psychoanalytical Model
A
- Freud
- Id = Do what we want and don’t consider reality (Wants to kill dad)
- Ego = Getting your needs and wants met in a way that doesn’t cause issues (Repression, denial)
- Superego = Moral reasoning (Killing is wrong)
16
Q
Psychoanalytical Model: TREATMENT
A
- Build insight into unconscious processes
- Develop awareness of defence mechanisms
17
Q
Psychoanaltical Model: SIGNIFICANCE
A
- Strong influence on the DSM
- Revolutionised the concept of mental illness
18
Q
Psychoanalytical Model: LIMITATIONS
A
- Lacks evidence
- Not open to empirical evaluation
19
Q
Humanistic Model
A
- Rogers and Maslow
- Human beings are positive figures
- Focus on being the best version of yourself
20
Q
Humanistic Approach: TREATMENT
A
- Empathy
- Valuing a person without judgment
21
Q
Humanistic Approach: LIMITATIONS
A
- When is the best version of yourself achieved?
22
Q
Behavioural Model
A
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
23
Q
BEHAVIOURAL MODEL: TREATMENT
A
- Exposure therapy
24
Q
Behavioural Model: LIMITATIONS
A
- Ignore person’s thoughts and feelings and only consider behaviour
25
Cognitive-Behavioural Model
- What we think create our feelings which create our behaviour
- E.G. Think dog is angry --> Feel scared --> We run
26
Negative Core Beliefs
- Influences interaction and interpretation of the world
- Comes from childhood or impactful experience
- E.G. "I am unlovable"
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Cognitive Distortion/Biases
- Mind tricks thats not true
- E.G. "If I don't do this perfectly, I'm a failure"
28
Automatic Negative Thoughts
- Quick, negative thoughts that pop up randomly
- E.G. See someone frowning and think "They don't like me"
29
Cognitive-Behavioural Model: TREATMENT
- Psychoeducation: Noticing automatic thoughts
- Cognitive Restructuring: Challenge content of automatic negative thoughts
30
Anxiety
- Activated in response to perceived threat
- Activation of Physical, Cogntive and Behavioural Systems
31
Physical System
- Fight/flight response
- Increases heart rate
- Release adrenaline
- Breathing speeds up
32
Cognitive System
- What and how you pay attention
1. Perception of threat (Hear something at night)
2. Attentional shift towards threat (Turn around to see)
3. Hypervigilance of source (Become hypervigilant)
33
Optimal Arousal
Docs
34
Normal Anxiety
- Things feared vary across individuals
- Intensity of fear experienced varies
35
Abnormal Anxiety
- Same as normal anxiety but more severe
- Overestimation of likelihood of negative outcome
- Overestimation of the consequence of negative outcome
36
Panic Attacks
- Discrete period of intense fear that appears abruptly and peaks within 10 mins
37
Cued Panic Attacks
- Occur upon anticpated exposure to situation
- E.G. Person has claustrophobia entering an elevator
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Uncued Panic Attack
- Occur without warning
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Panic Disorder
- Recurrent uncued panic attacks
- At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month
40
Safety Behaviours
- Doing little things or big things that make you feel safe
- E.G. Sitting close to exit to a place that you associate with panic attack
41
Cognitive Theory of Panic Disorder
Docs
42
Interoceptive Exposure
- Letting bodily sensations marinate to build tolerance
- E.G. Getting bodily sensations of panic attack and sitting with these feelings
43
Phobia
- Consistent fear to the presence or anticipation of a situation
44
Phobia: PREVALENCE
- 7-9% of adults have a phobia
-More common in females
45
Phobia: DEVELOPMENT
- Traumatic events
- Vicarious learning
46
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (two examples)
- Worry about everyday issues
- Shift from one concern to another
- "What if...?"
- E.G. Finances, studies, terrorism, minor matters
- E.G. Stuck in traffic → Lose job → Lose house → Homeless
47
Generalised Anxiety Disorder: PREVALENCE
- 6.1%
48
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
- Make patient see likelihood of negative outcome is so little
- Make patient see consequence of negative outcome is so little
49
Psychoeducation
- Ask patient to list out all the triggers that elicit anxiety
- Ask patients to list out what they think and what they do
- Relaxation techniques to address fight and flight response
50
Cognitive Techniques
- Reconstructing current assumptions
51
Behavioural Techniques
- Exposure therapy first imaginary
- Deveop fear hierarchy
- Relaxation techniques to address fight/fligiht response
52
Biological Treatments
- Treat symptoms not the cause
- Should be paired with CBT
- Antidepressents
53
Mood Disorders
- Disturbance in mood
54
Sadness vs Clinical Depression
- Frequency, intensity and duration
- Don’t want to underdiagnosed depression in someone who has faced significant loss
55
Clinical Depression: PREVALENCE
- One in seven Australians will get depression in their lifetime
- Third highest burden of all diseases in Australia
56
Persistent Depressive Disorder
- Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not for
- At least 2 years
57
Persistent Depressive Disorder: PREVALENCE
- 1-2%
58
Biological Theories for Depression
- Genetic Vulnerability: 35-60% heritability
- Neurochemistry: Low levels of noradrenaline and serotonin
- Neuroendocrine: Increased stress and excess cortisol
59
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- Applying electrical current to the brain
- Highly effective
- HOWEVER, relapse is common
- HOWEVER, treating symptoms not cause
60
Cognitive Vulnerability
- During childhood, prone to develop automatic negative thoughts
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Schema Theory
- Paying more attention to negative things → Negative thoughts become dominant
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Ruminative Response Styles
- Thinking again and again about negative things
63
Behavioural Activation
- Gathering evidence to disconfirm negative beliefs and support positive beliefs
- Doing more of the things they were doing before they were depressed
64
Cognitive Restructuring
- Looking for more realistic thoughts but NOT positive thinking
65
Anorexia Nervosa
- Restriction of calories intake leading to low body weight
- Intense fear of gaining weight
66
Anorexia: SEVERITY
- Mild (BMI >/=17)
- Moderate (BMI 16-16.99)
- Severe (BMI 15-15.99)
- Extreme (BMI<15)
67
Types of Anorexia
1. Restricting Type - During the last 3 months, individual has lost weight
2. Binge Eating - During the last 3 months, individual has gained weight
68
Psychological Problems of Anorexia
- Depressed mood
- Anger
- Social withdraw
69
Minnesota Semi Starvation Experiment
- Doctors see what happen to healthy person who was malnourished over a period of time
- RESULTS: Physically and emotionally and had psychotic symptoms
70
Physical Problems of Anorexia
- Low body temperature
- Osteoporosis
- Hair growth
71
Prevalence of Anorexia
- Affects 0.5-1% of females
- 90% of individuals with Anorexia Nervosa are female
- Typically begins in adolescence but recently they are getting younger
- 20% remain chronically ill
72
Bulimia Nervosa
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating
- Eating large amounts of food and compensating with weight loss behaviours
73
Psychological Problems of Bulimia
- Depressed mood
- Anger
- Social withdraw
74
Physical Problems of Bulimia
- Stomach problems
- Dental problems
75
Prevalence of Bulimia
- Affects 1-3% of females
- 90% of individuals with bulimia nervosa are female
- Long term outcome is better than anorexia nervosa
76
Binge Eating Disorder
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging behaviors
77
Prevalence of BED
- Affects 2.5%
- Adolescence to early adulthood
78
Transdiagnostic Model
- Perfectionalism
- Core low self esteem
- Docs
79
Psycho-Social Theories of Causation
- Family Factors
- Peer Factors
- Socio-Cultural Factors
80
Treatment for Eating Disorders
- Creating better habits with eating such as helping them cook food
- Dietitian
81
