History

Question 1

roles of equus in human history

Answer 1

hunted, domesticated, spiritual symbol, warfare, work, trade, transport, wealth and status, sport, entertainment, companions

Question 2

hunted:

Answer 2

food source before domestication

-evidence found in caves and other prehistoric sites in ice age europe

Question 3

domestication

Answer 3

• est. 5-6000 years ago (dogs 15000)
• DNA diversity in domestic and wild horses suggests a large number of mares were domesticated, but only a few stallinos were selected, shown in bottleneck of y chromosomes
• first domesticated in Kraznyl Yar, northern Kazakhstan: evidence of horse manure roofs, leather horse tack, and ceramics with horse milk fat

Question 4

koumiss

Answer 4

fermented mares milk

Question 5

Sakha:

Answer 5

‘people of the horse’

-horse herders, used them for food, clothing, transport, symbols of fertility and wealth

Question 6

spiritual symbols

Answer 6

• common cave engravings of horses
• religious ceremonies
• rites of passage
• seen as guides to spirit world

Question 7

pech merle cave france

Answer 7

13-16000 bc

-cave painting of spotted horse, genetics indicate same as current spotted horses

Question 8

unicorn

Answer 8

symbol of christ and sensuous feelings

Question 9

kiowa and horses

Answer 9

• painted horses were prized
• part of family
• allowed their culture to expand
• seen as “sacred dogs”

Question 10

warfare

Answer 10

• horses changed the balance of power between civilizations
• chariots, horse-back, transport
• used up until 1900s
• nobles and knights rode on horseback, a symbol of bravery and nobility

Question 11

knights and king henry VIII

Answer 11

decreed every major landowner must keep at least 2 mares to keep up horse population
-1541 banning of stallions from grazing on public land unless height requirements were met, allowing only strongest to be bred

Question 12

spanish conquistadors

Answer 12

168 spanish soldiers, 62 on horseback, attacked on inca emperor, who was surrounded by 80,000 inca soldiers

• charged into crowd and killed 7000 incas and eventually the emperor
• eventually natives acquired horses in Chile, argentina, and US great plains
• used their horses to fight off european invaders, thus reintroduced Equus to America

Question 13

grey horses

Answer 13

often used in paintings to most important figure would stand out

Question 14

General Robert Lee and Traveller

Answer 14

• bought Traveller for 200 dollars in 1862
• rode and doted on the horse, moved to washington with the horse
• bones kept at U of Wash until 1970 where they were moved and buried with owner

Question 15

WW1

Answer 15

cavalry offensives used in early part of war

• trench warfare, barb-wire made harder to use horses
• horses ended up used mostly for transport

Question 16

modern horse soldiers

Answer 16

war in afghanistan 2001/2 U.S. special forces rode horses with Northern Alliance in areas where rugged terrain and lack of fuel made cars impractical

Question 17

work, trade, and transport

Answer 17

pionneers relied heavily on horses

Question 18

Pit Ponies

Answer 18

70,000 shetland ponies worked underground in UK

Question 19

Coaches

Answer 19

horses used to transport people and cargo on wagons and coaches, even as taxis in New York

Question 20

City Horse Facts

Answer 20

1870s- more than 300 US matents issued for horse-powered machinery
1900-130,000 horses worked in manhattan, more horses back then than taxi cars in new york today
-1916-in chicago more than 9000 horse carcasses carted away

Question 21

second stage of cruelty

Answer 21

coachman beating fallen horse, 1751

• 1824 society for prevention of cruelty to animals created to prevent abuse to carriage horses
• 1866 ASPCA formed in NY city to protect horses

Question 22

wealth and status

Answer 22

• associated with high status in europe: gentlemen, chevalier, caballero, and cavalier
• “come off it” and “get off your high horse” come from superior attitude of knights looking down on others

Question 23

sport

Answer 23

racing: began in england 300 years ago
- ‘sport of kings’ originally royalty bred horses only
- thoroughbred used for galloping; descended from arabian breed

Question 24

racing phrases

Answer 24

• jockey sure of winning, lowers hands on the reins=”hands down”
• racehorse unfamiliar to racing fans is “dark horse”
• part of course between last turn and finish=”homestretch”
• racing fan with inside tip on likely winner=”straight from horse’s mouth”

Question 25

hunting

Answer 25

• europe, asia, mideast, hunting as pastime
• middle ages young noble men learn skills like tracking and shooting while on horseback
• used other animals like hounds, hawks, and even big cats

Question 26

horse quotes

Answer 26

the wind of heaven is that which blows between a horse’s ears=arabian proverb
-horse is a thing of beauty…none will tire of looking at him as long as he displays himself in splendor-greek historian Xenophon
release the old horses and follow them, and thereby reach the right road-Guan Zhong, chinese politician and scholar

Question 27

Donkeys;

Answer 27

beasts of burden and companionship

-shown as carrying virgin and swaddled christ