History, Theory, Bill Becomes Law Flashcards
(43 cards)
city as a growth machine” concept. This theory posits that cities are not just places where people live and work, but also serve as means for elites to accumulate capital, particularly through real estate and land-related interests.
argued that real estate interests, along with other local actors, form a “growth machine” that shapes urban development and distribution of resources, not through market forces alone, but through social actions like lobbying and manipulating public policy
Harvey Molotch
The two were influential in the 1930s, designing New Town projects, sponsored by New Deal visionaries: Radburn, New Jersey, Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, and Chatham Village, Pittsburgh
New Towns featured superblocks, underpasses, pedestrian walkways and carefully designed housing, Shared courtyards and intersecting walkways were designed to encourage social cohesion among the residents
Clarence Stein and Henry Wright
term used to describe temporary urban infill projects is known as
Pop-up/temporary urbanism
What did Pierre L-Efant popuralize? What was his assistant’s name?
Grid and radial street system; Benjamin Benneker
Andrew Ellicott introduced BB as as surveyor
First suburb? Who built it?
Riverside, IL built by Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr, and Calvert Vaux
(1869)
First use of Garden City in America? By whom and when?
Forest Hill Gardens (Queens, NY) by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. in 1909
Garden City-influenced places by Stein and Wright
- Sunnyside Gardens, NY (1928)
- Radburn, NJ (1929), town for the motor age
- Greenbelt Towns of Greenbelt, MD; Greendale, WI; GreenhILLS, OH under RExford Tugewll by Roosevelt’s Resettlement Administration
First modern planned American Town baesd on Garden City principles of dense village centers, preserving woodlands/greenspace, unique architectural styles
Under New Communities Act (19
Reston, Virginia (1964)
Radiant City by LeCorbusier happened when?
1920
- Designed with 10 self-contained villages surroundign a Town Center
- Planned with New Town principles
- Features class integration and the neighborhood unit principles.
- Intended to not only eliminate the inconveniences of then-current subdivision design, but also eliminate racial, religious, and class segregation.
- BUT was NOT built with connection to rail or metro stations
- Built by James Rouse
Columbia, Maryland (1967)
- cities grow outward from a center business district core The next zone out, the transition zone, was comprised of mixed residential and commercial uses.
- The third zone was the working class residential homes (or inner city),
- with the fourth zone consisting of middle-class suburbs, and the outermost fifth zone being a commuting zone of high-class homes on the outskirts of outer suburbs where the homeowners can afford to commute to the central business district.
- As the city grows, each ring invades and overtakes the next ring out – a process called** Invasion/Succession**.
Concentric Zone Model, Ernest Burgess (1925)
settlements simply functioned as areas providing economic services to surrounding areas
Large number of small settlements will be situated relatively close to one another for efficiency, and because people don’t want to travel far for everyday needs, like getting bread from a bakery.
But people would travel further for more expensive and infrequent purchases or specialized goods and services which would be located in larger settlements that are farther apart
- The larger the settlements are in size, the fewer in number they will be, i.e. there are
many small villages, but few large cities. - The larger the settlements grow in size, the greater the distance between them, i.e.
villages are usually found close together, while cities are spaced much further apart. - As a settlement increases in size, the range and number of its functions will increase .
- As a settlement increases in size, the number of higher-order services will also increase,
i.e. a greater degree of specialization occurs in the services
Central Place Theory (1933), Christaller
- Depression-era movement, 1930s
- Planning efforts focused on social and economic issue sand ways of alleviating the problems of unemployment, poverty, and urban plight
City Humane Movement
- Emphasized administrative efficiency, contributed to federal government’s increased involvement in local planning after WWII
- Section 701 of the Housing Act passed in 1954, subsidizing thousands of comprehensive plans for small cities (less than 25K pop)
City Functional Movement
Like-uses develop against transportation corridors (railroads, roads for private cars)
It is a modification of the concentric zone model of city development. The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it allows for an outward progression of growth.
The theory is based on early twentieth-century rail transport and does not make allowances for private cars that enable commuting from cheaper land outside city boundaries.[3] This occurred in Calgary in the 1930s when many near-slums were established outside the city but close to the termini of the street car lines
Sector Theory, Homer Hoyt (1939)
- Central Business District (CBD) was no longer the only center of an urban area or city.
- in newer cities, automobile-based intraurban dispersal was creating a multiple-nuclei structure of urban land use. This mobility allows for regional centers to specialize the businesses.
- In the multiple-nuclei, the “nuclei” are multiple smaller growth centers that developed around the metropolitan area. These nuclei can be ports, universities, airports, parks, neighborhoods business, and governmental centers.
- Their aim in this model was to move away from the concentric zones and better show the complex nature of large urban areas.
Multiple Nuclei Model, Harris and Ullman (1945)
Published in Nature of Cities
Veterans and FHA allowed qualified veterans to receive 30 year mortgages with no down payment and monthly payments for the same or much less than rental costs → started suburbanization. Black people not allowed 🙁
What is the name of this important suburban town?
Levitton, NY (1947)
- Developed from a concern for public health in urban slums and workforce safety
- Movement focused on industrial safety, limiting work hours, typhoid, establishing minimum housing standards, public recreation amenities, and ensuring the provision of light and air in cities
- 1867 - San Francisco banned slaughter houses in certain zones
- 1867/1879/1901 – NYC Tenement acts
- Jane Addams settlement house (Hull House) in chicago in 1889
Public Health/Sanitary Reform (1850s-1920)
By 1902, Senator ——- of Michigan secured funding to replan the Washington Mall using City Beautiful design theory, and that exists today
Creation of National Mall
McMillan Commission Plan (1902)
romoted the idea that cities should be visually appealing and well-planned to improve the quality of life and civic virtue.
City Beautiful (late 1800s - early 1900s)
Olmsted Sr. vs. Jr.
Sr. (died 1903)
* Father of American landscape architecture
* Central Park (with Calvert Vaux) – Park Movement
* First Suburb – Riverside (with Vaux)
* “White City” landscaping – 1893 Columbian Exposition
Jr. (died 1957)
* Continued his father’s landscape architecture work
* McMillian Commission – Washington D.C. mall
* Designs – Jefferson Memorial, Rock Creek Park
* 1st National Conference on City Planning
* 1st President American City Planning Institute (ACPI)
* Advisory Committee on City Planning & Zoning (SSZEA)
- a suburb of Cincinnati, foreshadowed New Urbanism;
- Mary Emery was its founder and benefactor
- John Nolen was the planner
- Features: short blocks, mix fo rental and owner-occupied housing)
- Nolen’s town plan originated many of new urbanism concepts
- Mixed uses, housing type variety, distinct architecture
=Nolen was mentored by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. who oversaw his 1905 honors thesis, the first biography of Frederick Law Olmsted Sr.
Mariemont, OH
First 2 Garden Cities?
Letchworth (1903) and Welwyn (1919)
- What book did Le Corbusier write in 1924?
- high-rise residential towers surrounded by green space and bisected by high-speed vehicular routes using “Superblocks
The City of Tomorrow
