Institution, Neighborhood, Parks

Question 1

Why do states and the federal government fund schools?

Answer 1

• The 10th amendment is the basis for making education a function o the states
• Federal government played minor role until the 60s, most interventions have been about safeguarding civil rights (disabled students), and students/teachers constitutional rights
• Federal funding helps to fill gaps in state and local support and state funding targets funding to districts that serve disadvantaged students and use tax revenue to fund schools

Question 2

What is the maximum decibel for residential uses pre the FAA in a DNL contour map=?

-** DNL contour maps** the total noise exposure around an airport, wihch calculates annual noise exposure

Answer 2

65 db

Breathing is 10db, quiet residentce is 40dB, concert is 132 dB; Levels above 70dB (freeway traffic) become annoying and 120 dB (a loud thunderclap) can be painful all the way to 140 dB

Question 3

passenger boarding a plane at a particular airport

sum of originating & connecting passengers

Answer 3

enplanements

Question 4

Portion of airport that support aircraft and aircraft-related activities (gates, runways, taxiwas, aprons, hangars), as well as airspace surrounding airport

aircraft gates, aprons, taxiways, runways

Answer 4

airside

Question 5

portion of an airport that provides the facilities necessary for the processing of passengers, cargo, freight, and ground transportation vehicles

airport roads, parking lots, transit access

Answer 5

landside

Question 6

a comprehensive study of an airport, describes the short to long-term development plans to
meet future aviation demand, while considering environmental and socioeconomic impacts

Answer 6

Airport Master Plans

Crucial first step in airport planning!

Question 7

What is the first step of library planning?

Answer 7

Complete a library planning self assessment:

• (how much? What type? Real books? electronics?)
• Service area population, projected up to 20 years
• Public library service needs, 10 to 20 years projection
• a major library building project takes at least three to four years to complete once the planning begins in earnest
• Location: frequently visited by all segments of community, busy primary streets with library at intersection, convenient access to readily available public parking, public transportation
• 3 to 5 parking spaces per 1,000 square feet

service area population is most important criterion

Question 8

Aviation Planning Tools

Answer 8

1. Airport Noise Overlay Zones
2. Avigation Easement (contractual right or a property interest in land over which a right of unobstructed flight in the airspace is established)
3. Building codes (set construction standards for buildings in high noise contours)

Question 9

Noisy land uses?

Answer 9

Commercial, Industrial, Agricultural

Question 10

Noise Mitigation Strategies

Answer 10

• Flight patterns alternatives
• Noise curfews
• Noise barriers (greenbelt)
• Insulate non-compatible structures
• windows, doors, A/C, ceiling/ wall, vents, attic
• Acquire incompatible parcels/ structures

Question 11

Acreage needed for elementary, junior high, and senior high?

Answer 11

• 10 acres minimum with 1 acres per added 100 students for elementary school,
• 20 acres for junior high, 1 acres per added 100 students
• 30 acres for senior high; 1 acres per added 100 students=

=300 students is 30 acres + 3 acres

Question 12

Kids walking to school –> what distances are appropriate

Answer 12

• ½ mile for elementary
• ¾ for middle school
• 1 mile for high school

Question 13

• Neutral social surroundings separate from home and work/school
• Involves regulars
• Free or inexpensive
• Offers food/drink
• Welcoming and comfortable
• Destination of choice
• Different social strata levels (upper, middle, lower class)

Answer 13

Third Spaces

Question 14

local governments cannot substantially burden religious institutions including individuals UNLESS the government shows that this furthers compelling government interest and the process is the ** least restrictive means** of furthering government interest

Answer 14

Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLIUPA)

Question 15

Preparation of base-specific studies of noise, accident potential and other hazards to military operation; specific compatible land use guidelines for each accident potential and noise zones delineated by studies

Answer 15

Air Installations Compatible Use Zones (AICUZ) study

Question 16

Compatibility issues are happening so quickly that you need to take immediate action → further hold of land use amendments until you get AICUZ/JLUS studies
Moratoriums are used when JLUSes are not enough

Local governments must then follow AICUZ/JLUS with regulatory response

EX: military overlays often address light pollution, dust, glare, and frequency spectrum interference

Answer 16

Military Planning

Question 17

collaborative planning initiative undertaken by state or local government in partnership with the military installation, to protect and preserve military readiness and defense capabilities while supporting continued community growth and economic development. The grant helps regions address compatibility around military installations by reducing potential conflicts, fostering communication and cooperation, and promoting coordinated planning with surrounding communities.

Answer 17

Joint Land Use Study (JLUS)

Question 18

a park that is built over freeway that can be used to create sustainable green space
One way to reconnect urban neighbohroods slices by interstate building boom

EX:
Seattle Freeway Park over I5
Chicago’s Millenium Park, built over railroad tracks

Answer 18

cap park

Question 19

allows public access to school and park facilities, such as athletic fields, gyms, and playgrounds, before or after school hours

A principal unlocks the school gate after school so families can walk around the track or play basketball on evenings and weekends. A school and swim team share a pool.

Answer 19

joint use agreement

Question 20

Neighborhood vs. Community Parks (differnce in size?)

Answer 20

Neighborhood parks are 5-10 ares
Community parks usually larger and 30 to 50 acres

Question 21

Based on acreage, investment, amenities, access/equity
100M people and 28M kids do not live within 10 minutes of a park

Answer 21

TPL Parkscore

Question 22

encourages increased student physical activity through safe and active transport to and from school. SRTS promotes walking, bicycling, or other forms of active transportation among students and their families.

Answer 22

Safe Routes to School

Question 23

As a rule an elementary school should be ____ from the population it serves?

Answer 23

1/2 mile

Question 24

How is neighborhood planning different than comprehensive planning?

Question 25

Best way to measure the # of cars currently using a street?

Question 26

What concept did Jane Jacobs implement that contributes the most to neighborhood vitality?

Answer 26

dense, mixed-use development and walkable streets

Question 27

diverse and dynamic social and economic entities with unique characteristics which are recognized by residents of both the area and the community at large

Answer 27

a neighborhood 😌

Question 28

* To foster **lively and interesting streets**, with blocks short to promote neighborhood walking * To make the fabric of the s**treets as continuous** a network as possible throughout a district of potential subcitysize and power * To use parks, squares, and public buildings as part of the street fabric, intensifying the fabric's complexity and multiple,**mixed uses** rather than segregating different land uses * To **foster a functional identity** at the district level, with a sufficiently dense population, contrary to the conventional wisdom, to **create safety and creativity with "eyes on the street“**

Answer 28

Jane Jacob's 4 Pillars of Neighborhood Planning

Question 29

T1 –Rural protected zone (undeveloped) T2 –Rural undeveloped or scattered housing and farming T3 –Suburban (rural neighborhoods (primarily SF with limited non-res uses) T4 –General Urban Zone (largest neighborhood zone/see mixed uses/urban character) T5 –Urban Center Zone (higher densities/neighborhood /town centers serving many neighborhoods) T6 –Urban Core Zone (central business districts, more regional services)

Answer 29

Transect Zones Definition ## Footnote CLD: Clustered Land Development TND: traditional neighborhood development RCD: regional center development

Question 30

110+ acre pedestrian friendly, transit linked, mixed use urban area with central park (.5 mile diameter) Similar to Clarence Perry and Garden City

Answer 30

Peter Calthorpe's Pedestrian Pocket Concept

Question 31

* Designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. * Inspired Clarence Perry’s neighborhood unit concept * Clarence Perry was also inspired by the place he already lived. Later he was to write that the virtues and defects of this place contributed to the neighborhood unit formula.

Answer 31

FOREST HILL GARDENS Long Island, New York (1911)

Question 32

* Designed by Clarence Steinand Henry Wright * Inspired by Garden City Movement * Designed to provide for community living of any income or race. * Resulted from discussions with planners like Lewis Mumford. * Built by the City Housing Corporation in Queens, New York.

Answer 32

SUNNYSIDE GARDENS Queens, New York (1924 –1928)

Question 33

* Designed by Clarence Steinand Henry Wright * Planned neighborhood * “Town in which people could live peacefully with the automobile, or rather in spite of it.” * Example of the ‘Superblock’

Answer 33

RADBURN Fair Lawn, New Jersey (1929)

Question 34

towns, purposefully planned after WWII. Planners designed these towns with order, which was a reaction to scattered ad-hoc development that was common at the time. The movement created houses for troops and was designed along with the interstate highway system to decongest large industrialized cities. This massive rehousing initiative relocated people into freshly built homes in fully-planned, self-sufficient towns.

Answer 34

new town movement, post WWII

Question 35

* Designed with 10 self-contained villages surroundign a Town Center * Planned with New Town principles * Features class integration and the neighborhood unit principles. * Intended to not only eliminate the inconveniences of then-current subdivision design, but also **eliminate racial, religious, and class segregation.** * BUT was NOT built with connection to rail or metro stations * Built by James Rouse

Answer 35

Columbia, Maryland (1967)

Question 36

Causes of Gentrification

Answer 36

1. Demographic-ecological (baby boom) 2. sociocultural (changing attitudes, lifestyles) 3. political-economical (antidiscrimination laws, powerful people capture latent value of land and and force displacement) 4. community netowrks (loss because of technological advances) 5. social movements (revitilization) ## Footnote Effects: homelessness, under occupancy and population loss, increased cost adn charges to local services, decrease political participation

Question 37

Place arterial streets along the perimeterso they define and distinguish the "place" of the neighborhood. Eliminate unwanted through-traffic from the neighborhood. Let major arterials define the neighborhood rather than divide it. – Restrict local shopping areas to the perimeteror main entrance of the neighborhood, thereby excluding nonlocal traffic destined for these commercial uses. – Design internal streets using a hierarchy that easily distinguishes local streets from arterial streets, using curvilinear street design for both safety and aesthetics. Streets should discourage unwanted through traffic and enhance the pedestrian safety. – Dedicate at least 10 percent of the neighborhood land area to parks and open space, creating places for play and community interaction"

Answer 37

Neighborhood Development Tools

Question 38

deals with the same subjects as a comprehensive plan but in more detail * geographic scope is limited to only one part of the municipality (downtown, entertainment, waterfront); includes design guideliens and other documents

Answer 38

District Plan (a.k.a., Area Plan)

Question 39

Sets policies and programs for specific netowrk of comunity-wide facilities, such as sewerage

Answer 39

System Plan

Question 40

detialed engineering plan for a portion of a system of a community-wide facility

Answer 40

Subsystem Plan

Question 41

The practice of making loans to declining or high-risk neighborhoods in order to stimulate their renewal is ------ rose with community development efforts in the 1960s and 1970s to combat redlining and “neutralize disinvestment with investment”.

Answer 41

Greenlining

Question 42

Which of the following represents typical reasons why a jurisdiction would adopt specific development and design standards for multiple family projects in the zoning ordinance?

Answer 42

I. To make them legally binding and defensible. II. Because typically the development standards in zoning ordinances do not address multiple family projects. III. To help curb NIMBY= reaction to apartment projects. IV. To provide adequate neighborhood fit. ## Footnote = NIMBY's #1 fear is loss of property value with multi-family homes

Question 43

Median % of residents that live within a park in the top 100 cities

Answer 43

72%

Question 44

established that states prepare a State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan to receive funding; it’s approved by National Park Service

Answer 44

Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF), 1964

Question 45

focus much of his park planning on the provision of more activity-based recreational facilities, such as baseball and football fields, swimming pools, basketball and tennis courts, skating rinks and beach swimming areas with automobile access and parking, such as Jones Beach

Answer 45

Robert Moses, Urban Park Planning

Question 46

e privately funded miniature parks situated on underutilized public paved spaces such as parking spaces that typically provide a public meeting space with benches, chairs, and planters

Answer 46

parklets

Question 47

small public parks, often created around a monument, historic marker or art project, that are on small vacant lots or irregular pieces of land, but which are usually too small for active recreation;

Answer 47

pocket parks

Question 48

e small play areas specifically designed for use by young or pre-school children, and, when part of a development proposal

Answer 48

tot lots

Question 49

developer turns over to a homeowners association totally built, ready to be used

Answer 49

turn-key park

Question 50

e, 50 to hundreds of acres in size such as Central Park in New York City, and serve a large citywide service area with a wide variety of passive and active recreational needs (e.g. passive = walking, bird watching, horseback riding; active = “infrastructure dependent” tennis courts, baseball fields, skateboard park).

Answer 50

Large, urban parks

Question 51

**larger than 100 acres** in size, serving multiple jurisdictions, are often a county park, and frequently with a primary purpose of environmental protection and the provision of passive recreation. However, in some areas these parks may be more centered on active recreation, or cultural and historic sites

Answer 51

regional parks

Question 52

rovide services similar to regional parks, but on a much larger scale, and are typically focused on resource protection, historic battlefields, cultural heritage, or passive tourism. Over 6,600 state parks exist in the U.S., drawing almost three times as many annual visitors as our National Parks

Answer 52

state/national parks

Question 53

vegetated, linear, and multi-purpose. They incorporate a footpath and/or bikeway within a linear park. In urban design, they are a component of planning for bicycle commuting and walkability

Answer 53

greenways

Question 54

this book by this person set the standard for modern landscape architecture and planning with a design approach that made natural forms and processes paramount in the design process. Formerly, much landscape design and planning had occurred without regard to nature's inherent wisdom, instead introducing foreign manmade forms on the land without regard to natural context.

Answer 54

Ian McHarg, *Design with Nature*

Question 55

In order to maintain open habitats in their open condition, what land management tools are frequently and successfully used to prevent natural succession?

Answer 55

prescribed fire and mowing

Question 56

public path or route that has existed for a long period of time, often dating back to before the formalization of legal systems or formal mapping of such routes. These paths were established through common law, where public use and long-standing usage demonstrated a dedication of the land for public passage.

Answer 56

ancient rights of way