HIV - Powerpoint

Question 1

How many people in New Zealand are currently being treated for living with HIV?

Answer 1

Approximately 3500 people

This statistic reflects the current treatment status of individuals living with HIV in New Zealand.

Question 2

What percentage of diagnoses in 2023 were among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM)?

Answer 2

67%

This represents 65 out of 97 diagnoses.

Question 3

What was the peak number of MSM who acquired HIV locally in 2016?

Answer 3

98

This number indicates a high point before a decline began.

Question 4

What was the number of MSM who acquired HIV locally in 2017?

Answer 4

69

This marks a sharp decrease from the peak in 2016.

Question 5

List the number of MSM who acquired HIV locally from 2018 to 2020.

Answer 5

• 2018: 63
• 2019: 58
• 2020: 49

This shows a steady decline over the years.

Question 6

True or False: The number of MSM who acquired HIV locally has increased since 2016.

Answer 6

False

There has been a consistent decline in the number of cases.

Question 7

What percentage of heterosexually infected individuals in New Zealand in 2020 had a low CD4 count at diagnosis?

Answer 7

Over half

A low CD4 count suggests a relatively late-diagnosed infection.

Question 8

What does a low CD4 count at the time of diagnosis indicate?

Answer 8

A relatively late-diagnosed infection

CD4 count is a critical measure in assessing immune system health in HIV-infected individuals.

Question 9

What has contributed to the low numbers of HIV infections among PWID in New Zealand?

Answer 9

The successful operation of an effective national needle exchange programme since 1988

Question 10

What type of transmission is very rare in New Zealand due to the Needle Exchange Programme?

Answer 10

Blood to blood transmission

Question 11

What does the Needle Exchange Programme exemplify in public health policy?

Answer 11

The effectiveness of rational, community-focused, and science-led public health policy

Question 12

True or False: PWID account for a significant number of HIV infections in New Zealand.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

What is the status of HIV infections among sex workers in New Zealand?

Answer 13

There are very few sex workers living with HIV in New Zealand.

Question 14

What did the 2006 data reveal about HIV infections in sex workers?

Answer 14

There were no HIV infections among a study sample of more than 300 workers.

Question 15

What organization has been instrumental in the low rates of HIV among sex workers in New Zealand?

Answer 15

New Zealand Prostitutes Collective (NZPC)

Question 16

What is Haematopoiesis?

Answer 16

Blood cell development

It is the process through which all blood cells are formed.

Question 17

Which cells does HIV infect?

Answer 17

CD4+ T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells

These cells are crucial for the immune response.

Question 18

What are erythrocytes responsible for?

Answer 18

Tissue oxygenation

Erythrocytes are the most abundant cells in the body.

Question 19

What is the life cycle of erythrocytes?

Answer 19

120 days

This is the average lifespan of red blood cells.

Question 20

What is the primary function of leucocytes?

Answer 20

Defend the body against infection and remove debris

Leucocytes are also known as white blood cells.

Question 21

What are granulocytes?

Answer 21

White blood cells with membrane-bound granules containing enzymes

They play roles in inflammation and immune responses.

Question 22

Name the types of granulocytes.

Answer 22

• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils

Each type has specific functions in the immune response.

Question 23

What is the role of neutrophils?

Answer 23

Phagocytes in early inflammation

They are among the first responders to sites of infection.

Question 24

What do eosinophils attack?

Answer 24

Parasites

They also ingest antigen-antibody complexes.

Question 25

What do basophils contain?

Answer 25

Vasoactive amines like histamine ## Footnote They are structurally and functionally similar to mast cells.

Question 26

What is the function of mast cells?

Answer 26

Central cell in inflammation ## Footnote They are found in extravascular tissues.

Question 27

What comprises the mononuclear phagocyte system?

Answer 27

Monocytes and macrophages ## Footnote These cells are vital for phagocytosis.

Question 28

What are platelets essential for?

Answer 28

Blood coagulation and control of bleeding ## Footnote They are cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes.

Question 29

What does CD4 stand for?

Answer 29

Cluster of differentiation 4 ## Footnote It is a glycoprotein found on immune cells.

Question 30

What are CD4+ T helper cells also known as?

Answer 30

CD4 cells, T-helper cells, T4 cells ## Footnote They are critical for the immune response.

Question 31

What role do T-helper cells play in immunity?

Answer 31

Send signals to other immune cells ## Footnote They activate CD8 killer cells and B cells.

Question 32

What is a normal CD4+ T cell count?

Answer 32

600 to 1200 cells/ml ## Footnote This count declines in HIV-positive cases over time.

Question 33

What are the two main consequences of HIV infection?

Answer 33

* Depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes * Damage to the immune system ## Footnote This leads to a higher vulnerability to infections.

Question 34

What type of immunity do CD4+ T lymphocytes primarily involve?

Answer 34

Cell-mediated (acquired) immunity ## Footnote They also play a role in humoral (innate) immunity.

Question 35

What can cause CD4 depletion?

Answer 35

* Direct cytotoxic effects of HIV replication * Cell-mediated immune cytotoxicity * Thymic damage ## Footnote These factors impair lymphocyte production.

Question 36

True or False: HIV attacks CD4 cells, which are a subset of white blood cells.

Answer 36

True ## Footnote This weakens the immune system.

Question 37

How does HIV affect the immune system?

Answer 37

By attacking CD4 cells, making the immune system vulnerable ## Footnote This leads to increased susceptibility to other infections.

Question 38

What is the family and genus of the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer 38

Family - Retroviridae, Genus - Lentivirus

Question 39

What capability does HIV have in the human body?

Answer 39

Aggressively attacks every organ system or renders the host susceptible to infections

Question 40

What type of cells does HIV infect and kill?

Answer 40

CD4+ T cells

Question 41

What leads to AIDS in HIV-infected individuals?

Answer 41

Loss of CD4+ T cells

Question 42

What type of virus is HIV?

Answer 42

A slow replicating retrovirus and single-stranded RNA virus

Question 43

What process converts the viral RNA genome into double-stranded DNA?

Answer 43

Reverse transcription

Question 44

What enzyme is responsible for reverse transcription in HIV?

Answer 44

Reverse transcriptase

Question 45

What is the role of integrase in HIV infection?

Answer 45

Integrates viral DNA into the cellular DNA

Question 46

What can happen once HIV is integrated into the host cell DNA?

Answer 46

The virus may become latent or produce new RNA genomes and viral proteins

Question 47

What is the average size of an HIV virion?

Answer 47

120nm

Question 48

How is HIV transmitted?

Answer 48

Through contact with certain body fluids including: * Blood * Semen * Pre-seminal fluid * Vaginal fluids * Rectal fluids * Breast milk

Question 49

What is the significance of mother to child transmission in HIV?

Answer 49

No child born with HIV in NZ since 2007

Question 50

What are common modes of HIV transmission?

Answer 50

Sexual, needle-related, maternal, transfusion-related

Question 51

What is the ELISA test used for in HIV diagnosis?

Answer 51

Detecting antibodies

Question 52

What confirmatory tests are used for HIV diagnosis?

Answer 52

1. Western blot 2. HIV viral load 3. Low CD4+ T cell count

Question 53

What is seroconversion in the context of HIV?

Answer 53

The period during which HIV antibodies develop and become detectable

Question 54

What are common symptoms of acute HIV infection?

Answer 54

* Body rash * Fever * Pharyngitis * Adenopathy * Severe headaches

Question 55

What defines Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

Answer 55

HIV infection leading to certain AIDS-defining illnesses or a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of <200/μL

Question 56

What is the average plasma HIV RNA set point after 6 months?

Answer 56

Between 30,000 to 100,000 copies/mL

Question 57

What opportunistic infections are associated with CD4 counts below 200/mm3?

Answer 57

* Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia * Toxoplasmic encephalitis * Cryptococcal meningitis

Question 58

What is the definition of viral load in the context of HIV?

Answer 58

The number of HIV virus particles in a microlitre of blood

Question 59

What is the typical undetectable level of HIV viral load?

Answer 59

Below 40–75 copies/μL

Question 60

What are the symptoms of HIV clinical manifestations?

Answer 60

* Fever * Fatigue * Swollen lymph nodes * Diarrhoea * Weight loss * Oral yeast infection * Shingles

Question 61

What is the role of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV treatment?

Answer 61

Reduces detectable viral load and prevents opportunistic infections

Question 62

What are the classes of antiretroviral drugs used in HIV treatment?

Answer 62

* Reverse transcriptase inhibitors * Protease inhibitors * Entrance (fusion) inhibitors * Integrase inhibitors

Question 63

What is PrEP in the context of HIV prevention?

Answer 63

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for those at high risk of HIV infection

Question 64

What are three key strategies in HIV prevention?

Answer 64

* Test often * Treat early * Stay safe (using condoms, PrEP, or both)

Question 65

What do viruses cause?

Answer 65

Infections and disease as pathogenic bacteria, fungi, or protozoa do

Question 66

What type of parasites are viruses?

Answer 66

Obligate intracellular parasites

Question 67

What do viruses require to multiply?

Answer 67

Living host cells

Question 68

What are the main components of a virus?

Answer 68

DNA or RNA genome, protein coat (capsid), envelope, surface proteins/glycoproteins

Question 69

What is the protein coat of a virus called?

Answer 69

Capsid

Question 70

What is the envelope of a virus derived from?

Answer 70

The plasma membrane of the host cell

Question 71

What are the surface proteins of a virus that bind to host cell receptors called?

Answer 71

Glycoproteins (spikes)

Question 72

Fill in the blank: Viruses consist of an _______ genome.

Answer 72

[DNA or RNA]

Question 73

True or False: All viruses have an envelope.

Answer 73

False

Question 74

How many times riskier is anal sex compared to vaginal sex

Answer 74

18 times more likely